Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

319 questions · 326 findings · 34 reviews · Airways

No studies found 21 · 6.4%GRADE not reported 22 · 6.7%Very low 20 · 6.1%Low 81 · 24.8%Moderate 132 · 40.5%High 50 · 15.3%

Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol vs aclidinium alone

Exacerbations requiring steroids or antibiotics or both: number of participants · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol showed no clear difference in exacerbations requiring steroids or antibiotics or both: number of… compared with aclidinium alone (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol vs formoterol

Non‐fatal serious adverse events · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol showed no clear difference in non‐fatal serious adverse events compared with formoterol (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol vs formoterol

Hospital admissions due to exacerbations: number of participants · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol showed no clear difference in hospital admissions due to exacerbations: number of participants compared with formoterol (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol vs formoterol

Improvement in symptoms: number of participants with clinically significant improvement: using TDI focal score (≥ 1 unit) · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol leads to higher improvement in symptoms: number of participants with clinically… compared with formoterol (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol vs formoterol

Adverse events (not including serious adverse events): number of participants · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol leads to lower adverse events (not including serious adverse events): number of… compared with formoterol (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol vs placebo

Exacerbations requiring steroids or antibiotics or both: number of participants · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol showed no clear difference in exacerbations requiring steroids or antibiotics or both: number of… compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol vs placebo

Quality of life: number of participants with clinically significant improvement (≥ 4 units) in SGRQ total score · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol leads to higher quality of life: number of participants with clinically significant… compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol vs placebo

Non‐fatal serious adverse events · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol showed no clear difference in non‐fatal serious adverse events compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol vs placebo

Hospital admissions due to exacerbations: number of participants · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol showed no clear difference in hospital admissions due to exacerbations: number of participants compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol vs placebo

Improvement in symptoms: number of participants with clinically significant improvement: using TDI focal score (≥ 1 unit) · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol leads to higher improvement in symptoms: number of participants with clinically… compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol vs aclidinium alone

Quality of life: number of participants with clinically significant improvement (≥ 4 units) in SGRQ total score · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol showed no clear difference in quality of life: number of participants with clinically significant… compared with aclidinium alone (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol vs placebo

Adverse events (not including serious adverse events): number of participants · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol showed no clear difference in adverse events (not including serious adverse events): number of… compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol vs aclidinium alone

Non‐fatal serious adverse events · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol showed no clear difference in non‐fatal serious adverse events compared with aclidinium alone (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review