Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

300 questions · 309 findings · 25 reviews · Headline outcomes only

No studies found 53 · 17.2%GRADE not reported 11 · 3.6%Very low 41 · 13.3%Low 94 · 30.4%Moderate 80 · 25.9%High 30 · 9.7%

Oral factor Xa inhibitors vs conventional anticoagulation

Fatal PE (3 to 12 months) · participants with diagnosed DVT

Oral factor Xa inhibitors showed no clear difference in fatal PE (3 to 12 months) compared with conventional anticoagulation (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs) vs conventional anticoagulation

Recurrent PE · patients with a pulmonary embolism, confirmed by standard imaging techniques

Oral direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs) showed no clear difference in recurrent PEa compared with conventional anticoagulation (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral factor Xa inhibitors vs conventional anticoagulation

All‐cause mortality · patients with a pulmonary embolism, confirmed by standard imaging techniques

Oral factor Xa inhibitors showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with conventional anticoagulation (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral factor Xa inhibitors vs conventional anticoagulation

Major bleedinge · patients with a pulmonary embolism, confirmed by standard imaging techniques

Oral factor Xa inhibitors showed no clear difference in major bleedinge compared with conventional anticoagulation (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs) vs conventional anticoagulation

Recurrent VTEc · patients with a pulmonary embolism, confirmed by standard imaging techniques

Oral direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs) showed no clear difference in recurrent VTEc compared with conventional anticoagulation (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs) vs conventional anticoagulation

DVTd · patients with a pulmonary embolism, confirmed by standard imaging techniques

Oral direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs) showed no clear difference in DVTd compared with conventional anticoagulation (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs) vs conventional anticoagulation

Major bleedinge · patients with a pulmonary embolism, confirmed by standard imaging techniques

Oral direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs) showed no clear difference in major bleedinge compared with conventional anticoagulation (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral factor Xa inhibitors vs conventional anticoagulation

Recurrent PE · patients with a pulmonary embolism, confirmed by standard imaging techniques

Oral factor Xa inhibitors showed no clear difference in recurrent PEa compared with conventional anticoagulation (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral factor Xa inhibitors vs conventional anticoagulation

Recurrent VTEc · patients with a pulmonary embolism, confirmed by standard imaging techniques

Oral factor Xa inhibitors showed no clear difference in recurrent VTEc compared with conventional anticoagulation (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral factor Xa inhibitors vs conventional anticoagulation

DVTd · patients with a pulmonary embolism, confirmed by standard imaging techniques

Oral factor Xa inhibitors showed no clear difference in DVTd compared with conventional anticoagulation (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Aspirin vs placebo

Total mortality · adults with hypertension (patients with atrial fibrillation, congestive heart failure, pre‐eclampsia or pulmonary hypertension were…

Aspirin showed no clear difference in total mortality compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Aspirin vs placebo

Cardiovascular mortality · adults with hypertension (patients with atrial fibrillation, congestive heart failure, pre‐eclampsia or pulmonary hypertension were…

Aspirin showed no clear difference in cardiovascular mortality compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Aspirin vs placebo

Non‐fatal cardiovascular events · adults with hypertension (patients with atrial fibrillation, congestive heart failure, pre‐eclampsia or pulmonary hypertension were…

Aspirin may leads to lower non‐fatal cardiovascular events compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Aspirin vs placebo

Major bleedinga · adults with hypertension (patients with atrial fibrillation, congestive heart failure, pre‐eclampsia or pulmonary hypertension were…

Aspirin leads to higher major bleedinga compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Aspirin vs placebo

Cardiovascular events · adults with hypertension (patients with atrial fibrillation, congestive heart failure, pre‐eclampsia or pulmonary hypertension were…

Aspirin may leads to lower all cardiovascular events compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

NOAC (rivaroxaban) vs vitamin K antagonist (VKA)

Thromboembolic events · people with antiphospholipid syndrome and a history of stroke or thromboembolic events

NOAC (rivaroxaban) showed no clear difference in any thromboembolic event compared with standard‐dose VKA (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Anticoagulant drugs: VKA high dose vs vitamin K antagonist (VKA)

Total mortalitya · people with antiphospholipid syndrome and a history of stroke or thromboembolic events

High‐dose VKA showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortalitya compared with standard‐dose VKA (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review