Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

4,760 questions · 8,065 findings · 1,036 reviews

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No studies found 1,686 · 20.9%GRADE not reported 675 · 8.4%Very low 1,953 · 24.2%Low 2,048 · 25.4%Moderate 1,296 · 16.1%High 407 · 5%

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Serenoa repens vs placebo or no intervention

Urologic symptom scores · men with lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic obstruction

Serenoa repens showed no clear difference in urologic symptom scoreMeasured by IPSS scores (range 0 to 35)Higher… compared with placebo or no intervention (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Serenoa repens for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic enlargement 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
9 studies · 1681 participants
High

Serenoa repens vs placebo or no intervention

QoL · men with lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic obstruction

Serenoa repens showed no clear difference in quality of lifeMeasured by IPSS‐QoL score (range 0 to 6) compared with placebo or no intervention (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Serenoa repens for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic enlargement 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
5 studies · 1001 participants
High

Serenoa repens vs placebo or no intervention

Adverse eventsCumulative incidence · men with lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic obstruction

Serenoa repens showed no clear difference in adverse eventsCumulative incidence compared with placebo or no intervention (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Serenoa repens for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic enlargement 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.01 [0.77, 1.31]
12 studies · 2399 participants
Moderate

Serenoa repens in combination with other phytotherapy vs placebo or no intervention

Urologic symptom scores · men with lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic obstruction

Serenoa repens in combination with other phytotherapy showed no clear difference in urologic symptom scoreMeasured by IPSS scores (range 0 to 35)Higher… compared with placebo or no intervention (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Serenoa repens for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic enlargement 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 460 participants
Low

Serenoa repens in combination with other phytotherapy vs placebo or no intervention

QoL · men with lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic obstruction

1 finding from 1 review

Serenoa repens for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic enlargement 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 265 participants
Very low

Serenoa repens in combination with other phytotherapy vs placebo or no intervention

Adverse eventsCumulative incidence · men with lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic obstruction

Serenoa repens in combination with other phytotherapy showed no clear difference in adverse eventsCumulative incidence compared with placebo or no intervention (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Serenoa repens for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic enlargement 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.91 [0.58, 1.41]
4 studies · 481 participants
Low

Probiotics vs control

Necrotising enterocolitis · very preterm or very low birth weight infants

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or very low birth weight infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
57 studies · 10918 participants
Low

Probiotics vs control

Mortality before hospital discharge · very preterm or very low birth weight infants

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or very low birth weight infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
54 studies · 10484 participants
Moderate

Probiotics vs control

Late‐onset invasive infection (before hospital discharge) · very preterm or very low birth weight infants

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or very low birth weight infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
49 studies · 9876 participants
Moderate

Probiotics vs control

Neurodevelopmental disability · very preterm or very low birth weight infants

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or very low birth weight infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
5 studies · 1518 participants
Low

Probiotics vs control

Necrotising enterocolitis · extremely preterm or extremely low birth weight infants

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or very low birth weight infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
10 studies · 1836 participants
Low

Probiotics vs control

Mortality before hospital discharge · extremely preterm or extremely low birth weight infants

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or very low birth weight infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
7 studies · 1723 participants
Low

Probiotics vs control

Late‐onset invasive infection (before hospital discharge) · extremely preterm or extremely low birth weight infants

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or very low birth weight infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
7 studies · 1533 participants
Low

Probiotics vs control

Neurodevelopmental disability · extremely preterm or extremely low birth weight infants

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or very low birth weight infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Any cold therapy vs no cold therapy following total knee replacement

Blood lossTime point: mean 48 hours, range 1 to 13 days. Higher blood loss indicates a worse outcome. · people undergoing total knee replacement

1 finding from 1 review

Cryotherapy following total knee replacement 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
12 studies · 956 participants
Low

Any cold therapy vs no cold therapy following total knee replacement

Pain at post‐operative day 2Scale from 0 (best) to 10 (worst). · people undergoing total knee replacement

1 finding from 1 review

Cryotherapy following total knee replacement 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
6 studies · 530 participants
Low

Any cold therapy vs no cold therapy following total knee replacement

Transfusion rate · people undergoing total knee replacement

It is very uncertain whether any cold therapy changes transfusion rate compared with no cold therapy following total knee replacement (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Cryotherapy following total knee replacement 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.13 [0.04, 109.63]
2 studies · 91 participants
Very low

Any cold therapy vs no cold therapy following total knee replacement

Range of motion at discharge Scale from: 0 to 125. · people undergoing total knee replacement

1 finding from 1 review

Cryotherapy following total knee replacement 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 174 participants
Low

Any cold therapy vs no cold therapy following total knee replacement

Function Standardised scale with positive score indicating a better outcome. Scale from 0 (worst) to 100 (best). · people undergoing total knee replacement

1 finding from 1 review

Cryotherapy following total knee replacement 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 296 participants
Very low

Any cold therapy vs no cold therapy following total knee replacement

Adverse events Adverse events included discomfort, local skin reactions, superficial infections, cold induced injuries and thrombolytic events · people undergoing total knee replacement

It is very uncertain whether any cold therapy changes total adverse eventsAdverse events included discomfort, local skin… compared with no cold therapy following total knee replacement (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Cryotherapy following total knee replacement 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.3 [0.53, 3.2]
16 studies · 1199 participants
Very low