Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

1,741 questions · 1,821 findings · 207 reviews

No studies found 297 · 16.3%GRADE not reported 191 · 10.5%Very low 333 · 18.3%Low 466 · 25.6%Moderate 414 · 22.7%High 120 · 6.6%

Anticoagulant with or without ASA vs ASA only

Minor bleeding · people with antiphospholipid antibodies and no history of thrombosis

Anticoagulant with or without ASA may leads to higher bleeding ‐ minor (not requiring hospital admission) Median compared with ASA only (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Anticoagulant with or without ASA vs ASA only

Adverse event other than bleeding · people with antiphospholipid antibodies and no history of thrombosis

Anticoagulant with or without ASA led to lower adverse event other than bleeding compared with ASA only; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

LABA/LAMA vs LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)

Moderate to severe exacerbations: high‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LABA/LAMA showed no clear difference in moderate to severe exacerbations: high‐risk population compared with LABA/ICS (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

LABA/LAMA vs LAMA

Severe exacerbations: low‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LABA/LAMA showed no clear difference in severe exacerbations: low‐risk population compared with LAMA (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

LABA/LAMA vs LABA

Moderate to severe exacerbations: low‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LABA/LAMA probably leads to lower moderate to severe exacerbations: low‐risk population compared with LABA (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

LABA/LAMA vs LABA

Severe exacerbations: low‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LABA/LAMA showed no clear difference in severe exacerbations: low‐risk population compared with LABA (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

LABA/ICS vs LAMA

Moderate to severe exacerbations: high‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LABA/ICS showed no clear difference in moderate to severe exacerbations: high‐risk population compared with LAMA (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

LABA/LAMA vs LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)

Moderate to severe exacerbations: low‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LABA/LAMA showed no clear difference in moderate to severe exacerbations: low‐risk population compared with LABA/ICS (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review