Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

4,756 questions · 13,493 findings · 1,305 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 2,594 · 19.2%GRADE not reported 728 · 5.4%Very low 2,868 · 21.3%Low 3,777 · 28%Moderate 2,620 · 19.4%High 906 · 6.7%

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Macrolides vs placebo

Health‐related quality of life (AQLQ)Scale from: 1‐7 (higher is better) · adults and children with chronic asthma

1 finding from 1 review

Macrolides versus placebo for chronic asthma 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
6 studies · 802 participants
Very low

Macrolides vs placebo

Use of rescue medication · adults and children with chronic asthma

1 finding from 1 review

Macrolides versus placebo for chronic asthma 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 314 participants
Low

Macrolides vs placebo

FEV1 (L) Weighted mean study duration: 28 weeks · adults and children with chronic asthma

1 finding from 1 review

Macrolides versus placebo for chronic asthma 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
10 studies · 1046 participants
Low

Macrolides vs placebo

Serious adverse events (including mortality) · adults and children with chronic asthma

Macrolides showed no clear difference in serious adverse events (including mortality) Weighted mean study… compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Macrolides versus placebo for chronic asthma 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.8 [0.49, 1.31]
8 studies · 854 participants
Low

Warfarin vs placebo or no treatment

All‐cause death · patients with heart failure with sinus rhythm

Warfarin showed no clear difference in all‐cause death compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Anticoagulation versus placebo for heart failure in sinus rhythm 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.66 [0.36, 1.18]
2 studies · 324 participants
Low

Warfarin vs placebo or no treatment

Stroke · patients with heart failure with sinus rhythm

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Anticoagulation versus placebo for heart failure in sinus rhythm 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Warfarin vs placebo or no treatment

Major bleeding · patients with heart failure with sinus rhythm

Warfarin may leads to higher major bleeding eventsc compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Anticoagulation versus placebo for heart failure in sinus rhythm 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 5.98 [1.71, 20.93]
2 studies · 324 participants
Low

NOAC (rivaroxaban) vs placebo

All‐cause death · patients with heart failure with sinus rhythm

Rivaroxaban showed no clear difference in all‐cause death compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Anticoagulation versus placebo for heart failure in sinus rhythm 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.99 [0.87, 1.13]
1 study · 5022 participants
High

NOAC (rivaroxaban) vs placebo

Stroke · patients with heart failure with sinus rhythm

Rivaroxaban probably leads to lower stroke compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Anticoagulation versus placebo for heart failure in sinus rhythm 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.67 [0.47, 0.95]
1 study · 5022 participants
Moderate

NOAC (rivaroxaban) vs placebo

Major bleeding · patients with heart failure with sinus rhythm

Rivaroxaban probably leads to higher major bleeding eventsb compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Anticoagulation versus placebo for heart failure in sinus rhythm 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.65 [1.17, 2.33]
1 study · 5008 participants
Moderate

Anti‐IL13 or anti‐IL4 agents vs placebo

Exacerbation requiring ED or hospital visit Weighted mean duration of studies: 31 weeks · people with asthma

Anti‐IL13 or anti‐IL4 agents probably leads to lower exacerbation requiring hospitalisation or ED visit compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Anti‐interleukin‐13 and anti‐interleukin‐4 agents versus placebo, anti‐interleukin‐5 or anti‐immunoglobulin‐E agents,… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
Rate ratio 0.68 [0.47, 0.98]
2 studies · 2039 participants
Moderate

Anti‐IL13 or anti‐IL4 agents vs placebo

Health‐related quality of life (AQLQ)Scale from: 1‐7 (higher is better) · people with asthma

1 finding from 1 review

Anti‐interleukin‐13 and anti‐interleukin‐4 agents versus placebo, anti‐interleukin‐5 or anti‐immunoglobulin‐E agents,… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
7 studies · 4960 participants
High

Anti‐IL13 or anti‐IL4 agents vs placebo

Serious adverse events · people with asthma

Anti‐IL13 or anti‐IL4 agents showed no clear difference in serious adverse events compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Anti‐interleukin‐13 and anti‐interleukin‐4 agents versus placebo, anti‐interleukin‐5 or anti‐immunoglobulin‐E agents,… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.91 [0.76, 1.09]
22 studies · 7739 participants
Moderate

Anti‐IL13 or anti‐IL4 agents vs placebo

Rate of exacerbations requiring systemic corticosteroids · people with asthma

Anti‐IL13 or anti‐IL4 agents showed no clear difference in exacerbation requiring OCS (rate ratio) compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Anti‐interleukin‐13 and anti‐interleukin‐4 agents versus placebo, anti‐interleukin‐5 or anti‐immunoglobulin‐E agents,… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.98 [0.72, 1.32]
1 study · 452 participants
Low

Anti‐IL13 or anti‐IL4 agents vs placebo

Change from baseline in ACQ score Scale: 0 to 6 (higher is worse) · people with asthma

1 finding from 1 review

Anti‐interleukin‐13 and anti‐interleukin‐4 agents versus placebo, anti‐interleukin‐5 or anti‐immunoglobulin‐E agents,… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
14 studies · 6251 participants
Moderate

Anti‐IL13 or anti‐IL4 agents vs placebo

Adverse events (any) · people with asthma

Anti‐IL13 or anti‐IL4 agents leads to higher adverse events (any) compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Anti‐interleukin‐13 and anti‐interleukin‐4 agents versus placebo, anti‐interleukin‐5 or anti‐immunoglobulin‐E agents,… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.16 [1.04, 1.3]
18 studies · 7419 participants
High

Anti‐IL13 or anti‐IL4 agents vs placebo

Time off work or study · people with asthma

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Anti‐interleukin‐13 and anti‐interleukin‐4 agents versus placebo, anti‐interleukin‐5 or anti‐immunoglobulin‐E agents,… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Any anti‐osteoporotic drugs vs placebo

Vertebral fracture by radiography · postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and CKD stages 3‐4

Any anti‐osteoporotic drugs may leads to lower vertebral fracture by radiography compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions versus placebo, no treatment or usual care for osteoporosis in people with chronic… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.52 [0.39, 0.69]
5 studies · 9054 participants
Low

Raloxifene vs placebo

Vertebral fracture by radiography · postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and CKD stages 5 and 5D

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions versus placebo, no treatment or usual care for osteoporosis in people with chronic… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Raloxifene vs placebo

Clinical fracture · postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and CKD stages 5 and 5D

It is very uncertain whether raloxifene changes clinical fracture compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions versus placebo, no treatment or usual care for osteoporosis in people with chronic… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.33 [0.01, 7.87]
1 study · 60 participants
Very low