Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

169 questions · 181 findings · 18 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 44 · 24.3%GRADE not reported 5 · 2.8%Very low 52 · 28.7%Low 48 · 26.5%Moderate 30 · 16.6%High 2 · 1.1%

Chloral hydrate oral (60 mg/kg) vs music therapy

Proportion of children who had sedation failure or inadequate level of sedation · children undergoing neurodiagnostic procedures

It is very uncertain whether chloral hydrate oral (60 mg/kg) changes proportion of children who had sedation failure or inadequate level… compared with music therapy (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Chloral hydrate as a sedating agent for neurodiagnostic procedures in children 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 17 [2.37, 122.14]
1 study · 58 participants
Very low

Chloral hydrate oral (60 mg/kg) vs music therapy

Sedation duration (minutes) · children undergoing neurodiagnostic procedures

1 finding from 1 review

Chloral hydrate as a sedating agent for neurodiagnostic procedures in children 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 58 participants
Very low

Chloral hydrate oral (60 mg/kg) vs music therapy

Number of children with clinical adverse events (any) · children undergoing neurodiagnostic procedures

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Chloral hydrate as a sedating agent for neurodiagnostic procedures in children 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Massage vs music

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · women in labour

It is very uncertain whether massage changes pain intensity "severe pain reported" compared with music (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Massage, reflexology and other manual methods for pain management in labour 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.4 [0.18, 0.89]
1 study · 101 participants
Very low

Massage vs music

Sense of control in labour ‐ not reported · women in labour

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Massage, reflexology and other manual methods for pain management in labour 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Massage vs music

Satisfaction with childbirth experience ‐ not reported · women in labour

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Massage, reflexology and other manual methods for pain management in labour 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Massage vs music

Assisted vaginal birth — not reported · women in labour

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Massage, reflexology and other manual methods for pain management in labour 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Massage vs music

Caesarean section — not reported · women in labour

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Massage, reflexology and other manual methods for pain management in labour 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Massage vs music

Use of pharmacological analgesia · women in labour

It is very uncertain whether massage changes use of pharmacological pain relief compared with music (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Massage, reflexology and other manual methods for pain management in labour 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.41 [0.16, 1.08]
1 study · 101 participants
Very low

Massage vs music

Length of labour — not reported · women in labour

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Massage, reflexology and other manual methods for pain management in labour 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Intervention not reported

OXYGEN SATURATION DURING intervention (higher = favourable) · preterm infants and their parents

1 finding from 1 review

Musical and vocal interventions to improve neurodevelopmental outcomes for preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
10 studies · 958 participants
High

Intervention not reported

HEART RATE POST‐intervention (lower = favourable) · preterm infants and their parents

1 finding from 1 review

Musical and vocal interventions to improve neurodevelopmental outcomes for preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
9 studies · 903 participants
High

Intervention not reported

PARENTAL WELL‐BEING: EPDS · preterm infants and their parents

1 finding from 1 review

Musical and vocal interventions to improve neurodevelopmental outcomes for preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 67 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

PARENTAL ANXIETY: STAI‐SKD · preterm infants and their parents

1 finding from 1 review

Musical and vocal interventions to improve neurodevelopmental outcomes for preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 87 participants
Very low

Intervention not reported

OXYGEN SATURATION POST‐intervention (higher = favourable) · preterm infants and their parents

1 finding from 1 review

Musical and vocal interventions to improve neurodevelopmental outcomes for preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
7 studies · 800 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

INFANT DEVELOPMENT: Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development‐III (BSID‐III) · preterm infants and their parents

1 finding from 1 review

Musical and vocal interventions to improve neurodevelopmental outcomes for preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 69 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

INFANT DEVELOPMENT: Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development‐III (BSID III) · preterm infants and their parents

1 finding from 1 review

Musical and vocal interventions to improve neurodevelopmental outcomes for preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 69 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

INFANT DEVELOPMENT: Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development‐III (BSID III) · preterm infants and their parents

1 finding from 1 review

Musical and vocal interventions to improve neurodevelopmental outcomes for preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 69 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

PARENTAL ANXIETY: STAI‐T · preterm infants and their parents

1 finding from 1 review

Musical and vocal interventions to improve neurodevelopmental outcomes for preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 97 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

RESPIRATORY RATE DURING intervention (lower = favourable) · preterm infants and their parents

1 finding from 1 review

Musical and vocal interventions to improve neurodevelopmental outcomes for preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
7 studies · 750 participants
Moderate