Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

319 questions · 326 findings · 34 reviews · Airways

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No studies found 21 · 6.4%GRADE not reported 22 · 6.7%Very low 20 · 6.1%Low 81 · 24.8%Moderate 132 · 40.5%High 50 · 15.3%

Intervention not reported

Total studies: 34 RCTs Total participants: 32,684 · adolescents and adults with uncontrolled asthma, despite being on medium‐dose ICS Interventions: HD‐ICS, LD‐ICS/LABA, MD‐ICS/LAMA,…

1 finding from 1 review

Addition of long‐acting beta2 agonists or long‐acting muscarinic antagonists versus doubling the dose of inhaled… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
34 studies · 32684 participants
GRADE not reported

Intervention not reported

HD‐ICS (Direct evidence; 6 RCTs; 2211 participants) · adolescents and adults with uncontrolled asthma, despite being on medium‐dose ICS Interventions: HD‐ICS, LD‐ICS/LABA, MD‐ICS/LAMA,…

1 finding from 1 review

Addition of long‐acting beta2 agonists or long‐acting muscarinic antagonists versus doubling the dose of inhaled… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
6 studies · 2211 participants
High

Intervention not reported

LD‐ICS/LABA (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 5846 participants) · adolescents and adults with uncontrolled asthma, despite being on medium‐dose ICS Interventions: HD‐ICS, LD‐ICS/LABA, MD‐ICS/LAMA,…

1 finding from 1 review

Addition of long‐acting beta2 agonists or long‐acting muscarinic antagonists versus doubling the dose of inhaled… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 5846 participants
High

Intervention not reported

MD‐ICS/LAMA (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 282 participants) · adolescents and adults with uncontrolled asthma, despite being on medium‐dose ICS Interventions: HD‐ICS, LD‐ICS/LABA, MD‐ICS/LAMA,…

1 finding from 1 review

Addition of long‐acting beta2 agonists or long‐acting muscarinic antagonists versus doubling the dose of inhaled… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 282 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

MD‐ICS/LAMA (Direct evidence; 4 RCTs; 2239 participants) · adolescents and adults with uncontrolled asthma, despite being on medium‐dose ICS Interventions: HD‐ICS, LD‐ICS/LABA, MD‐ICS/LAMA,…

1 finding from 1 review

Addition of long‐acting beta2 agonists or long‐acting muscarinic antagonists versus doubling the dose of inhaled… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 2239 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

MD‐ICS/LABA (Direct evidence; 21 RCTs; 20326 participants) · adolescents and adults with uncontrolled asthma, despite being on medium‐dose ICS Interventions: HD‐ICS, LD‐ICS/LABA, MD‐ICS/LAMA,…

1 finding from 1 review

Addition of long‐acting beta2 agonists or long‐acting muscarinic antagonists versus doubling the dose of inhaled… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
21 studies · 20326 participants
High

Intervention not reported

HD‐ICS/LABA (Direct evidence; 4 RCTs; 2750 participants) · adolescents and adults with uncontrolled asthma, despite being on medium‐dose ICS Interventions: HD‐ICS, LD‐ICS/LABA, MD‐ICS/LAMA,…

1 finding from 1 review

Addition of long‐acting beta2 agonists or long‐acting muscarinic antagonists versus doubling the dose of inhaled… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 2750 participants
High

Intervention not reported

MD‐ICS · adolescents and adults with uncontrolled asthma, despite being on medium‐dose ICS Interventions: HD‐ICS, LD‐ICS/LABA, MD‐ICS/LAMA,…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Addition of long‐acting beta2 agonists or long‐acting muscarinic antagonists versus doubling the dose of inhaled… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Intervention not reported

MD‐ICS/LABA (Direct evidence; 10 RCTs; 15,651 participants) · adolescents and adults with uncontrolled asthma, despite being on medium‐dose ICS Interventions: HD‐ICS, LD‐ICS/LABA, MD‐ICS/LAMA,…

1 finding from 1 review

Addition of long‐acting beta2 agonists or long‐acting muscarinic antagonists versus doubling the dose of inhaled… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
10 studies · 15651 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

HD‐ICS/LABA (Direct evidence; 3 RCTs; 3319 participants) · adolescents and adults with uncontrolled asthma, despite being on medium‐dose ICS Interventions: HD‐ICS, LD‐ICS/LABA, MD‐ICS/LAMA,…

1 finding from 1 review

Addition of long‐acting beta2 agonists or long‐acting muscarinic antagonists versus doubling the dose of inhaled… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 3319 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

MD‐ICS · adolescents and adults with uncontrolled asthma, despite being on medium‐dose ICS Interventions: HD‐ICS, LD‐ICS/LABA, MD‐ICS/LAMA,…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Addition of long‐acting beta2 agonists or long‐acting muscarinic antagonists versus doubling the dose of inhaled… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Intervention not reported

Total studies: 25 RCTs Total participants: 25,583 · adolescents and adults with uncontrolled asthma, despite being on medium‐dose ICS Interventions: HD‐ICS, LD‐ICS/LABA, MD‐ICS/LAMA,…

1 finding from 1 review

Addition of long‐acting beta2 agonists or long‐acting muscarinic antagonists versus doubling the dose of inhaled… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
25 studies · 25583 participants
GRADE not reported

Intervention not reported

HD‐ICS (Direct evidence; 4 RCTs; 1685 participants) · adolescents and adults with uncontrolled asthma, despite being on medium‐dose ICS Interventions: HD‐ICS, LD‐ICS/LABA, MD‐ICS/LAMA,…

1 finding from 1 review

Addition of long‐acting beta2 agonists or long‐acting muscarinic antagonists versus doubling the dose of inhaled… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 1685 participants
Moderate

Individual level interventions vs control

Measures of air pollution exposure ( · healthy individuals and those with a pre‐existing health condition

1 finding from 1 review

Individual‐level interventions to reduce personal exposure to outdoor air pollution and their effects on people with… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
173 participants
Very low

Individual level interventions vs control

Health Service Utilisation · healthy individuals and those with a pre‐existing health condition

1 finding from 1 review

Individual‐level interventions to reduce personal exposure to outdoor air pollution and their effects on people with… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2948 participants
Very low

Individual level interventions vs control

Respiratory exacerbations · healthy individuals and those with a pre‐existing health condition

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Individual‐level interventions to reduce personal exposure to outdoor air pollution and their effects on people with… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Individual level interventions vs control

Quality of life · healthy individuals and those with a pre‐existing health condition

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Individual‐level interventions to reduce personal exposure to outdoor air pollution and their effects on people with… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Individual level interventions vs control

Serious adverse events · healthy individuals and those with a pre‐existing health condition

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Individual‐level interventions to reduce personal exposure to outdoor air pollution and their effects on people with… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

LABA/LAMA vs placebo

All‐cause mortality (3‐week to 1‐year · Adults with COPD

Once‐daily LABA/LAMA in a combined inhaler showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality (3‐week to 1‐year compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Once daily long‐acting beta2‐agonists and long‐acting muscarinic antagonists in a combined inhaler versus placebo for… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.88 [0.81, 4.36]
18 studies · 8752 participants
Low

LABA/LAMA vs placebo

Serious adverse events (3‐week to 1‐year · Adults with COPD

Once‐daily LABA/LAMA in a combined inhaler showed no clear difference in serious adverse events (3‐week to 1‐year compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Once daily long‐acting beta2‐agonists and long‐acting muscarinic antagonists in a combined inhaler versus placebo for… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.06 [0.88, 1.28]
22 studies · 10536 participants
High