What do systematic reviews say?

First‐line thiazides vs alpha‐blocker

First‐line thiazides showed no clear difference in total CHD Duration: 3 to 3.2 years compared with first‐line alpha‐blockers (low certainty).

• First‐line diuretics versus other classes of antihypertensive drugs for hypertension 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.98 [0.86, 1.11]
  2 studies · 24396 participants
  Low

First‐line thiazides vs alpha‐blocker

First‐line thiazides probably leads to lower total congestive heart failure Duration: 3.2 years compared with first‐line alpha‐blockers (moderate certainty).

• First‐line diuretics versus other classes of antihypertensive drugs for hypertension 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.51 [0.45, 0.58]
  1 study · 24316 participants
  Moderate

First‐line thiazides vs alpha‐blocker

First‐line thiazides may leads to lower withdrawals due to adverse effects Duration: 1 to 3.2 years compared with first‐line alpha‐blockers (low certainty).

• First‐line diuretics versus other classes of antihypertensive drugs for hypertension 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.7 [0.54, 0.89]
  3 studies · 24772 participants
  Low

First‐line thiazides vs beta‐blocker

• First‐line diuretics versus other classes of antihypertensive drugs for hypertension 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 18135 participants
  Moderate

First‐line thiazides vs beta‐blocker

• First‐line diuretics versus other classes of antihypertensive drugs for hypertension 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 18135 participants
  Low

First‐line thiazides vs beta‐blocker

• First‐line diuretics versus other classes of antihypertensive drugs for hypertension 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 18135 participants
  Low

First‐line thiazides vs beta‐blocker

• First‐line diuretics versus other classes of antihypertensive drugs for hypertension 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 6569 participants
  Low

First‐line thiazides vs beta‐blocker

• First‐line diuretics versus other classes of antihypertensive drugs for hypertension 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  5 studies · 18501 participants
  Moderate

First‐line thiazides vs calcium channel blockers

First‐line thiazides showed no clear difference in total mortality Duration: 1 to 5 years compared with first‐line calcium channel blockers (moderate certainty).

• First‐line diuretics versus other classes of antihypertensive drugs for hypertension 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.02 [0.96, 1.08]
  7 studies · 35417 participants
  Moderate

First‐line thiazides vs calcium channel blockers

First‐line thiazides showed no clear difference in total serious adverse events Duration: 1.75 to 3 years compared with first‐line calcium channel blockers (low certainty).

• First‐line diuretics versus other classes of antihypertensive drugs for hypertension 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.09 [0.97, 1.24]
  2 studies · 7204 participants
  Low

Exercise vs control

• Exercise‐based rehabilitation programmes for pulmonary hypertension 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  11 studies · 418 participants
  Low
• Exercise‐based rehabilitation programmes for pulmonary hypertension 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  7 studies · 314 participants
  Low

Exercise vs control

• Exercise‐based rehabilitation programmes for pulmonary hypertension 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  5 studies · 226 participants
  Low

Exercise vs control

Exercise showed no clear difference in serious adverse events compared with control (moderate certainty).

• Exercise‐based rehabilitation programmes for pulmonary hypertension 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RD 0
  11 studies · 439 participants
  Moderate

Exercise vs control

• Exercise‐based rehabilitation programmes for pulmonary hypertension 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  5 studies · 187 participants
  Moderate

Exercise vs control

• Exercise‐based rehabilitation programmes for pulmonary hypertension 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  5 studies · 186 participants
  Moderate

Exercise vs control

• Exercise‐based rehabilitation programmes for pulmonary hypertension 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 133 participants
  Low

Aspirin vs placebo

Aspirin showed no clear difference in total mortality compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Antiplatelet agents and anticoagulants for hypertension 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.97 [0.87, 1.08]
  3 studies · 35794 participants
  Low

Aspirin vs placebo

Aspirin showed no clear difference in cardiovascular mortality compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Antiplatelet agents and anticoagulants for hypertension 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.98 [0.82, 1.17]
  3 studies · 35794 participants
  Low

Aspirin vs placebo

Aspirin may leads to lower non‐fatal cardiovascular events compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Antiplatelet agents and anticoagulants for hypertension 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.63 [0.45, 0.87]
  1 study · 2540 participants
  Low

Aspirin vs placebo

Aspirin leads to higher major bleedinga compared with placebo (high certainty).

• Antiplatelet agents and anticoagulants for hypertension 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.77 [1.34, 2.32]
  2 studies · 21330 participants
  High