Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

199 questions · 205 findings · 15 reviews · Incontinence

No studies found 69 · 33.7%GRADE not reported 24 · 11.7%Very low 56 · 27.3%Low 43 · 21%Moderate 13 · 6.3%High 0 · 0%

Electrical or magnetic stimulation vs no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction

Number of participants experiencing surface or skin‐related adverse events: e.g. skin reactions, bruising, hypersensitivity to gel · men with urinary incontinence following prostate surgery

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Electrical or magnetic stimulation vs no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction

Number of participants experiencing muscle‐related adverse events: e.g. soreness, discomfort, cramps, pain · men with urinary incontinence following prostate surgery

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

TENS vs sham TENS

Resolution of daytime urinary incontinence · children aged 3 to 18 years with daytime urinary incontinence

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) may leads to higher resolution of daytime urinary incontinence after 7 to 20 weeks'… compared with placebo (sham TENS) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

TENS vs anticholinergics

Resolution of daytime urinary incontinence · children aged 4 to 17 years with daytime urinary incontinence

It is very uncertain whether transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) changes resolution of daytime urinary incontinence at 3 months compared with anticholinergics (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Treatment of UI after radical: electric or magnetic energy vs no treatment

Number of incontinent men ‐ after 12 months · Patients with postprostatectomy UI

Treatment of UI after radical: electric or magnetic energy probably leads to lower number of incontinent men ‐ after 12 months compared with no treatment (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review