Salivary immunoglobulin A (SIgA) concentration · Children or adolescents
No significant difference in total salivary IgA between CLWH and healthy controls, though anti-Candida SIgA was higher in HIV groups; narrative only.
1 finding from 1 review
Oral Health Status of Children and Adolescents Living with HIV Undergoing Antiretroviral Therapy: A Systematic Review… 2022 All outcomesCross-sectional (case-control; single time point) · HIV pediatric/ART clinics, AIDS centers, and hospitals in Brazil, India, Saudi Arabia, and West Africa (Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Senegal)
Pomarico 2009 reported no significant difference in total SIgA among HIV-ART, HIV-HAART, and healthy children, but significantly higher anti-Candida albicans SIgA in the two HIV groups; no effect estimate pooled.
1 study
GRADE not reported
Intervention not reported
Intervention (no. of studies/participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Azathioprine, daclizumab, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate, Immunoglobulins, interferon beta 1a ‐1b,…
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Intervention not reported
Pegylated interferon beta‐1a (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 1512 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Azathioprine, daclizumab, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate, Immunoglobulins, interferon beta 1a ‐1b,…
The intervention may leads to lower pegylated interferon beta‐1a (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 1512… (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Mitoxantrone (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 51 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Azathioprine, daclizumab, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate, Immunoglobulins, interferon beta 1a ‐1b,…
The intervention may leads to lower mitoxantrone (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 51 participants) (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Natalizumab (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 942 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Azathioprine, daclizumab, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate, Immunoglobulins, interferon beta 1a ‐1b,…
The intervention leads to lower natalizumab (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 942 participants) (high certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Teriflunomide (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 1169 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Azathioprine, daclizumab, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate, Immunoglobulins, interferon beta 1a ‐1b,…
The intervention may leads to lower teriflunomide (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 1169 participants) (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Placebo · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Azathioprine, daclizumab, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate, Immunoglobulins, interferon beta 1a ‐1b,…
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Intervention not reported
Intervention (no. of studies/participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: alemtuzumab, azathriopine, cladribine, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate,…
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Intervention not reported
Alemtuzumab No direct evidence · Patients with RRMS Interventions: alemtuzumab, azathriopine, cladribine, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate,…
The intervention leads to lower alemtuzumab No direct evidence (high certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
RR 0.57 [0.47, 0.68]
Studies not reported
High
Intervention not reported
Azathioprine (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 59 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: alemtuzumab, azathriopine, cladribine, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate,…
It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes azathioprine (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 59 participants) (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Cladribine (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 1326 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: alemtuzumab, azathriopine, cladribine, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate,…
The intervention leads to lower cladribine (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 1326 participants) (high certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Dimethylfumarate (Direct evidence; 2 RCTs; 2307 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: alemtuzumab, azathriopine, cladribine, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate,…
The intervention probably leads to lower dimethylfumarate (Direct evidence; 2 RCTs; 2307 participants) (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Azathioprine (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 59 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Azathioprine, daclizumab, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate, Immunoglobulins, interferon beta 1a ‐1b,…
It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes azathioprine (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 59 participants) (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Fingolimod (Direct evidence; 2 RCTs; 2355 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: alemtuzumab, azathriopine, cladribine, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate,…
The intervention probably leads to lower fingolimod (Direct evidence; 2 RCTs; 2355 participants) (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Glatiramer acetate (Direct evidence; 3 RCsT; 1014 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: alemtuzumab, azathriopine, cladribine, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate,…
The intervention probably leads to lower glatiramer acetate (Direct evidence; 3 RCsT; 1014 participants) (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
RR 0.84 [0.76, 0.93]
3 participants
Moderate
Intervention not reported
Interferon beta 1a‐1b No direct evidence · Patients with RRMS Interventions: alemtuzumab, azathriopine, cladribine, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate,…
It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes interferon beta 1a‐1b No direct evidence (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
RR 1.21 [0.66, 2.19]
1 participants
Very low
Intervention not reported
Interferon beta‐1b (Betaferon) (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 372 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: alemtuzumab, azathriopine, cladribine, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate,…
The intervention may leads to lower interferon beta‐1b (Betaferon) (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 372… (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Interferon beta‐1a (Avonex, Rebif) (Direct evidence; 3 RCTs; 1629 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: alemtuzumab, azathriopine, cladribine, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate,…
The intervention probably leads to lower interferon beta‐1a (Avonex, Rebif) (Direct evidence; 3 RCTs; 1629… (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
RR 0.84 [0.78, 0.91]
1 study · 3 participants
Moderate
Intervention not reported
Laquinimod (Direct evidence; 3 RCTs; 3457 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: alemtuzumab, azathriopine, cladribine, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate,…
The intervention may leads to lower laquinimod (Direct evidence; 3 RCTs; 3457 participants) (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Mitoxantrone (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 51 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: alemtuzumab, azathriopine, cladribine, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate,…
The intervention may leads to lower mitoxantrone (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 51 participants) (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review