Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

143 questions · 143 findings · 6 reviews · Incontinence

No studies found 50 · 35%GRADE not reported 22 · 15.4%Very low 33 · 23.1%Low 32 · 22.4%Moderate 6 · 4.2%High 0 · 0%

Electrical or magnetic stimulation vs no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction

Number of participants experiencing surface or skin‐related adverse events: e.g. skin reactions, bruising, hypersensitivity to gel · men with urinary incontinence following prostate surgery

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Electrical or magnetic stimulation vs no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction

Number of participants experiencing muscle‐related adverse events: e.g. soreness, discomfort, cramps, pain · men with urinary incontinence following prostate surgery

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

TENS vs sham TENS

Resolution of daytime urinary incontinence · children aged 3 to 18 years with daytime urinary incontinence

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) may leads to higher resolution of daytime urinary incontinence after 7 to 20 weeks'… compared with placebo (sham TENS) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

TENS vs anticholinergics

Resolution of daytime urinary incontinence · children aged 4 to 17 years with daytime urinary incontinence

It is very uncertain whether transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) changes resolution of daytime urinary incontinence at 3 months compared with anticholinergics (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and standard urotherapy vs pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) with electromyographic biofeedback and standard urotherapy

Resolution of daytime urinary incontinence · children aged 5 to 16 years with daytime urinary incontinence

It is very uncertain whether transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and standard… changes resolution of daytime urinary incontinence compared with pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) with electromyographic… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review