Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

2,413 questions · 2,602 findings · 93 reviews · All outcomes

No studies found 452 · 17.4%GRADE not reported 1,582 · 60.8%Very low 392 · 15.1%Low 122 · 4.7%Moderate 53 · 2%High 1 · 0%

Any experimental intervention (surgical or non-surgical) vs None (placebo or no treatment)

Improvement of pre-existing accompanying symptoms other than pain · People of any age and either sex, in any setting, with BRONJ; bisphosphonate exposure past or current; includes people with cancer and…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Antidepressants (trazodone 200 mg/day) vs placebo

Adverse effects: headache · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms

It is very uncertain whether antidepressants (trazodone 200 mg/day) changes adverse effects: headache compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dietary supplements (Catuama herbal compound) vs placebo

Weight gain · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms

It is very uncertain whether dietary supplements (Catuama herbal compound) changes adverse effects: weight gain compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Amitriptyline vs placebo

Relief of burning/discomfort (symptom relief; pain intensity) · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms
1 finding from 1 review

Dietary supplements (lycopene) vs placebo

Relief of burning/discomfort (symptom relief; pain intensity) · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms
1 finding from 1 review
  • Interventions for treating burning mouth syndrome 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes
    short-term (up to 3 months) · lycopene
    Lycopene (Cano-Carrillo 2014) contributes to the dietary supplements short-term symptom-relief comparison (12 RCTs, insufficient/contradictory); no separate lycopene symptom-relief estimate reported.
    1 study · 50 participants
    GRADE not reported

Topical treatments (topical urea 10%) vs placebo

Relief of burning/discomfort (symptom relief; pain intensity) · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms
1 finding from 1 review
  • Interventions for treating burning mouth syndrome 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes
    short-term (up to 3 months) · topical urea 10%
    Topical urea 10% (Alvarenga da Silva 2014) contributes to the topical treatments short-term symptom-relief comparison (insufficient/contradictory); no separate estimate reported.
    1 study · 38 participants
    GRADE not reported

NSAIDs (ketorolac oral rinse; systemic celecoxib) vs placebo or no treatment

Malignant transformation (oral cancer development) · People with a diagnosis of oral leukoplakia
1 finding from 1 review
  • SoF 3 (NSAIDs vs placebo), Cancer development: SoF cell 'Not measured'. Effects text: cancer development was among outcomes in Papadimitrakopoulou 2008 (celecoxib) but did not occur in either arm, probably because of…
    1 study
    GRADE not reported

Bowman-Birk inhibitor vs placebo or no treatment

Malignant transformation (oral cancer development) · People with a diagnosis of oral leukoplakia

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Antidepressants (trazodone 200 mg/day) vs placebo

Adverse effects: urinary incontinence · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms

It is very uncertain whether antidepressants (trazodone 200 mg/day) changes adverse effects: urinary incontinence compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dietary supplements (alpha lipoic acid +/- adjunctive ingredients) vs placebo

Gastrointestinal adverse events · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms

It is very uncertain whether dietary supplements (alpha lipoic acid +/- adjunctive ingredients) changes adverse effects: gastrointestinal complaints compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Bethanechol vs placebo

Change in taste · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Experimental chewing adjuncts (bite wafers or chewing gum) vs No chewing gum, placebo, or control (no adjunct)

Quality of life or patient satisfaction · Adolescents/teenagers undergoing orthodontic treatment

Experimental chewing adjuncts (bite wafers or chewing gum) led to lower quality of life or patient satisfaction compared with no chewing gum, placebo, or control (no adjunct); GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Anticonvulsants (gabapentin + alpha lipoic acid) vs placebo

Adverse effects: mild headache · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms

It is very uncertain whether anticonvulsants (gabapentin + alpha lipoic acid) changes adverse effects: mild headache compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antidepressants (trazodone 200 mg/day) vs placebo

Somnolence · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms

It is very uncertain whether antidepressants (trazodone 200 mg/day) changes adverse effects: drowsiness compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Topical treatments (lactoperoxidase oral rinse / Biotene) vs placebo

Relief of burning/discomfort (symptom relief; pain intensity) · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms

It is very uncertain whether topical treatments (lactoperoxidase oral rinse / Biotene) changes relief of burning/discomfort (symptom relief; pain intensity) compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Benzodiazepines (systemic clonazepam) vs placebo

Change in QoL - depression (surrogate marker) · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms

It is very uncertain whether benzodiazepines (systemic clonazepam) changes change in QoL - depression (surrogate marker) compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review