Salivary caries-associated bacteria (S. mutans and Lactobacilli, subjects with >10^5 CFU/mL) · Orthodontic patients undergoing comprehensive treatment (late mixed or permanent dentition, no active caries)
Both included studies reported higher salivary caries-associated bacteria (S. mutans and Lactobacilli) with fixed appliances than clear aligners; not meta-analyzed (ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
Plaque · Adults and children (predominantly adults; one study in children), with natural dentition
Xylitol sugar-free gum significantly reduced plaque quantity versus no-gum/control (SMD -0.743, 95% CI -1.148 to -0.338), with high heterogeneity (I2 = 86.0%; ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
Plaque · Adults and children (predominantly adults; one study in children), with natural dentition
Sugar-free chewing gum significantly reduced plaque quantity versus no-gum/control (SMD -0.778, 95% CI -1.167 to -0.390), with high heterogeneity (I2 = 86.6%) and no GRADE rating (ungraded).
2 findings from 1 review
Gingivitis · Adults, 16 years and older (dentate)
It is very uncertain whether interdental brushing plus toothbrushing changes gingivitis (gingival index) compared with toothbrushing alone (very low certainty).
MD -0.53 [-0.83, -0.23]
1 study · 62 participants
Very low
MD -0.05 [-0.13, 0.03]
1 study · 31 participants
Very low
MD -0.53 [-0.83, -0.23]
1 study · 62 participants
Very low
Plaque · Adults, 16 years and older (dentate)
Interdental brushing plus toothbrushing may leads to lower plaque compared with toothbrushing alone (low certainty).
Gingivitis · Adults, 16 years and older (dentate)
Interdental brushing plus toothbrushing may leads to lower gingivitis (proportion of bleeding sites) compared with flossing plus toothbrushing (low certainty).
MD -0.06 [-0.08, -0.03]
6 studies · 234 participants
Low
SMD -0.40 [-0.70, -0.11]
3 studies · 183 participants
Low
SMD -0.53 [-0.81, -0.24]
7 studies · 326 participants
Low
Show 1 more finding
Plaque · Adults, 16 years and older (dentate)
It is very uncertain whether interdental brushing plus toothbrushing changes plaque compared with flossing plus toothbrushing (very low certainty).
SMD -0.47 [-0.84, -0.11]
5 studies · 290 participants
Very low
SMD 0.10 [-0.13, 0.33]
7 studies · 326 participants
Low
SMD -2.14 [-5.25, 0.97]
2 studies · 107 participants
Very low
Interproximal caries · Adults, 16 years and older (dentate)
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
Interproximal caries · Adults, 16 years and older (dentate)
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
Side effects · Adults, 16 years and older (dentate)
Harms and adverse outcomes (SoF): Neither study reported any information about adverse events. Jared 2005 assessed adverse events (participants issued a symptom diary) but did not report the findings; Graziani 2017 did…
1 study
GRADE not reported
Not estimable. Only 1 study reported adverse outcomes in terms of problems with the use of the assigned interdental cleaning aids. (See comment) In this comparison the single study (Jared 2005) asked participants to…
1 study
GRADE not reported
Side effects · Adults, 16 years and older (dentate)
Five studies reported there were no adverse events. Two studies reported on problems with the use of interdental brushes or floss, which sometimes caused soreness. (Six studies reported on adverse events; none…
6 studies
GRADE not reported
Not estimable. 2 studies reported adverse outcomes in terms of problems with the use of the assigned interdental cleaning aids. We were unable to pool data. (See comment) Three further studies reported that no adverse…
5 studies
GRADE not reported
All CVD-related death · Patients with cardiovascular disease and chronic periodontitis
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
Cardiovascular events · Patients with cardiovascular disease and chronic periodontitis
1 finding from 1 review
All cardiovascular events (Follow-up: 6 to 25 months): One study of 303 participants assessed this outcome; however, we considered data were unreliable as participants were followed up for different lengths of time,…
1 study · 303 participants
Very low
All‐cause death · Patients with cardiovascular disease and chronic periodontitis
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
Adverse events due to periodontal therapy · Patients with cardiovascular disease and chronic periodontitis
1 finding from 1 review
Adverse events: because of variable follow-up (6 to 25 months) and almost 90% loss to follow-up by one year, results were not considered useful for analysis; uncertain whether adverse events are more likely with either…
1 study · 303 participants
GRADE not reported
Serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) · Patients with cardiovascular disease and chronic periodontitis
1 finding from 1 review
Serum hs-CRP tested at one year; as loss to follow-up was almost 90%, data not considered useful for analysis (no usable estimate).
1 study · 37 participants
GRADE not reported
Clinical attachment level (CAL) · Adults (any age/sex) with chronic periodontitis (>=5 teeth remaining; PPD >4 mm), with or without hypertension
Periodontal treatment (subgingival SRP with or without other… led to lower clinical attachment level (CAL) compared with no treatment (no periodontal treatment); GRADE not reported.
1 finding from 1 review
Proportion of participants diagnosed with hypertension at trial completion · Adults (any age/sex) with chronic periodontitis (>=5 teeth remaining; PPD >4 mm), with or without hypertension
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
Endothelial function (flow-mediated dilation) · Adults (any age/sex) with chronic periodontitis (>=5 teeth remaining; PPD >4 mm), with or without hypertension
Intensive periodontal treatment (subgingival SRP with or without… led to higher endothelial function (flow-mediated dilation) compared with supra-gingival scaling; GRADE not reported.
3 findings from 1 review
Adverse events (participants with adverse events or withdrawals due to adverse events) · Adults (any age/sex) with chronic periodontitis (>=5 teeth remaining; PPD >4 mm), with or without hypertension
1 finding from 1 review