What do systematic reviews say?

Continuous pulse oximetry vs no/intermittent pulse oximetry

• Pulse oximetry for perioperative monitoring 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  235 participants
  GRADE not reported

Continuous pulse oximetry vs no/intermittent pulse oximetry

• Pulse oximetry for perioperative monitoring 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  21037 participants
  GRADE not reported

Continuous pulse oximetry vs no/intermittent pulse oximetry

• Pulse oximetry for perioperative monitoring 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  20802 participants
  GRADE not reported

Continuous pulse oximetry vs no/intermittent pulse oximetry

• Pulse oximetry for perioperative monitoring 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  22021 participants
  GRADE not reported

Pulpotomy (full or partial) vs None (single-arm success proportion)

Hemostasis within 6 min gave the highest success (90.4%), but the difference across hemostasis-time groups was not significant (ungraded).

• Efficacy of pulpotomy for permanent teeth with carious pulp exposure: A systematic review and meta-analysis of… 2024 All outcomes

  >=12 months · Hemostasis <=6 min
  Proportion 0.904
  Studies not reported
  GRADE not reported
• Efficacy of pulpotomy for permanent teeth with carious pulp exposure: A systematic review and meta-analysis of… 2024 All outcomes

  >=12 months · Hemostasis unknown
  Proportion 0.802
  Studies not reported
  GRADE not reported
• Efficacy of pulpotomy for permanent teeth with carious pulp exposure: A systematic review and meta-analysis of… 2024 All outcomes

  >=12 months · Normal pulp/reversible pulpitis
  Proportion 0.920 [0.879, 0.954]
  Studies not reported
  GRADE not reported

Pulpotomy (full or partial) vs None (single-arm pooled success proportion)

Among 6 observational studies, pooled pulpotomy success was 92.6 per 100 (95% CI 0.86-0.96), very low certainty.

• Outcome of pulpotomy in permanent teeth with irreversible pulpitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2022 All outcomes

  >=6 months · Clinical (endodontic/dental); multiple countries · Observational studies (GRADE evidence profile)
  Proportion 0.926 [0.86, 0.96]
  6 studies · 177 participants
  Very low
• Outcome of pulpotomy in permanent teeth with irreversible pulpitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2022 All outcomes

  >=6 months · Clinical (endodontic/dental); multiple countries · Randomized trials (GRADE evidence profile)
  Proportion 0.743 [0.56, 0.86]
  5 studies · 488 participants
  Very low
• Outcome of pulpotomy in permanent teeth with irreversible pulpitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2022 All outcomes

  >=6 months · Clinical (endodontic/dental); multiple countries · Trim-and-fill adjusted for publication bias
  Proportion 0.786 [0.66, 0.87]
  15 (11 observed + 4 imputed) studies
  GRADE not reported

Pulpotomy (full or partial) vs None (single-arm pooled success proportion)

In asymptomatic irreversible pulpitis, pooled pulpotomy success was 91.3% (95% CI 80-96.5%); ungraded.

• Outcome of pulpotomy in permanent teeth with irreversible pulpitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2022 All outcomes

  >=6 months · Clinical (endodontic/dental) · Asymptomatic irreversible pulpitis
  Proportion 0.913 [0.80, 0.965]
  3 studies
  GRADE not reported

Pulpotomy (full or partial) vs None (single-arm pooled success proportion)

In open-apex teeth, pooled pulpotomy success was 95.8% (95% CI 81-99%); significantly higher than closed apex (z=2.33, p=0.02); ungraded.

• Outcome of pulpotomy in permanent teeth with irreversible pulpitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2022 All outcomes

  >=6 months · Clinical (endodontic/dental) · Open (immature) root apex
  Proportion 0.958 [0.81, 0.99]
  3 studies
  GRADE not reported

Pulpotomy (full or partial) vs None (single-arm pooled success proportion)

In closed-apex teeth, pooled pulpotomy success was 83% (95% CI 69-91%); significantly lower than open apex (z=2.33, p=0.02); ungraded.

• Outcome of pulpotomy in permanent teeth with irreversible pulpitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2022 All outcomes

  >=6 months · Clinical (endodontic/dental) · Closed (mature) root apex
  Proportion 0.83 [0.69, 0.91]
  8 studies
  GRADE not reported

Pulpotomy (full or partial) vs None (single-arm pooled success proportion)

In symptomatic irreversible pulpitis, pooled pulpotomy success was 84% (95% CI 72-92%); not significantly different from asymptomatic (z=-1.34, p=0.18); ungraded.

• Outcome of pulpotomy in permanent teeth with irreversible pulpitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2022 All outcomes

  >=6 months · Clinical (endodontic/dental) · Symptomatic irreversible pulpitis
  Proportion 0.84 [0.72, 0.92]
  9 studies
  GRADE not reported

Partial pulpotomy (PP) with calcium hydroxide vs No comparator

Partial pulpotomy with calcium hydroxide had a pooled success rate of 34.3%.

• Partial pulpotomy for carious pulp exposure in adult mature permanent teeth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2025 All outcomes

  At least 1 year · Calcium hydroxide
  Success rate (%) 34.3 [24.93, 43.67]
  Studies not reported
  GRADE not reported

Group 1 Pulmonary arterial hypertension ‐ PDE5i vs placebo

Group 1 Pulmonary arterial hypertension ‐ PDE5i leads to higher improvement in WHO functional class compared with placebo (high certainty).

• Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for pulmonary hypertension 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 8.59 [3.95, 18.72]
  4 studies · 282 participants
  High

Group 1 Pulmonary arterial hypertension ‐ PDE5i vs placebo, on combination therapy

• Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for pulmonary hypertension 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 509 participants
  Moderate

Group 1 Pulmonary arterial hypertension ‐ PDE5i vs placebo, on combination therapy

Group 1 Pulmonary arterial hypertension ‐ PDE5i showed no clear difference in mortality compared with placebo, on combination therapy (moderate certainty).

• Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for pulmonary hypertension 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.26 [0.07, 1.06]
  3 studies · 492 participants
  Moderate

Group 1 Pulmonary arterial hypertension ‐ PDE5i vs placebo, on combination therapy

• Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for pulmonary hypertension 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 267 participants
  Moderate

Group 1 Pulmonary arterial hypertension ‐ PDE5i vs placebo, on combination therapy

• Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for pulmonary hypertension 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 387 participants
  High

Group 1 Pulmonary arterial hypertension ‐ PDE5i vs placebo, on combination therapy

• Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for pulmonary hypertension 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 310 participants
  High

Group 1 Pulmonary arterial hypertension ‐ PDE5i vs placebo, on combination therapy

• Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for pulmonary hypertension 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 303 participants
  High

Group 1 Pulmonary arterial hypertension ‐ PDE5i vs ERA

Group 1 Pulmonary arterial hypertension ‐ PDE5i showed no clear difference in improvement in WHO functional class compared with ERA (moderate certainty).

• Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for pulmonary hypertension 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.94 [0.55, 1.6]
  1 study · 244 participants
  Moderate

Group 1 Pulmonary arterial hypertension ‐ PDE5i vs ERA

• Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for pulmonary hypertension 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 36 participants
  Low