Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

254 questions · 281 findings · 12 reviews · Incontinence

No studies found 151 · 53.7%GRADE not reported 10 · 3.6%Very low 74 · 26.3%Low 33 · 11.7%Moderate 12 · 4.3%High 1 · 0.4%

Electrical or magnetic stimulation vs no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction

Number of participants experiencing muscle‐related adverse events: e.g. soreness, discomfort, cramps, pain · men with urinary incontinence following prostate surgery

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Combinations of conservative treatments vs no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction

Perception of improvement or cure · men with urinary incontinence following prostate surgery

Combinations of conservative treatments showed no clear difference in subjective cure or improvement: patient‐reported as defined by the… compared with no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combinations of conservative treatments vs no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction

Disease‐specific quality of life · men with urinary incontinence following prostate surgery

Combinations of conservative treatments showed no clear difference in condition‐specific quality of life: using validated questionnaires,… compared with no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combinations of conservative treatments vs no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction

Objective cure or improvement: > 6 to 12 months · men with urinary incontinence following prostate surgery

Combinations of conservative treatments showed no clear difference in objective cure or improvement: > 6 to 12 months compared with no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combinations of conservative treatments vs no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction

QoL · men with urinary incontinence following prostate surgery

Combinations of conservative treatments showed no clear difference in general quality of life: > 6 to 12 months compared with no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combinations of conservative treatments vs no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction

Number of participants experiencing muscle‐related adverse events: e.g. soreness, discomfort, cramps, pain · men with urinary incontinence following prostate surgery

It is very uncertain whether combinations of conservative treatments changes number of participants experiencing muscle‐related adverse events:… compared with no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) plus biofeedback vs no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction

Number of participants experiencing surface or skin‐related adverse events: e.g. skin reactions, bruising, hypersensitivity to gel · men with urinary incontinence following prostate surgery
1 finding from 1 review

Alarm vs other types of alarm

Proportion of children dry at · children with nocturnal enuresis

It is very uncertain whether alarm changes proportion of children dry at compared with other types of alarm (very low certainty).

7 findings from 1 review
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Alarm vs other types of alarm

Proportion of children achieving 14 consecutive dry nights by the end of treatment · children with nocturnal enuresis

It is very uncertain whether alarm changes proportion of children achieving 14 consecutive dry nights by the… compared with other types of alarm (very low certainty).

8 findings from 1 review
Show 5 more findings

Alarm vs control or no treatment

Proportion of children achieving 14 consecutive dry nights by the end of treatment · children with nocturnal enuresis

Alarm may leads to higher proportion of children achieving 14 consecutive dry nights by the… compared with control or no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review