Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

1,438 questions · 1,463 findings · 125 reviews · Anaesthesia

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No studies found 197 · 13.5%GRADE not reported 203 · 13.9%Very low 307 · 21%Low 441 · 30.1%Moderate 245 · 16.7%High 70 · 4.8%

Time‐directed extubation protocol vs usual care

Postoperative complications ‐ Reintubation · adult cardiac surgical patients

Time‐directed extubation protocol showed no clear difference in postoperative reintubation compared with usual care (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fast‐track cardiac care for adult cardiac surgical patients 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.34 [0.74, 2.41]
12 studies · 1261 participants
Low

Time‐directed extubation protocol vs usual care

Time to extubation (hours) · adult cardiac surgical patients

1 finding from 1 review

Fast‐track cardiac care for adult cardiac surgical patients 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
16 studies · 2024 participants
Low

Time‐directed extubation protocol vs usual care

Length of critical care stay (hours) · adult cardiac surgical patients

1 finding from 1 review

Fast‐track cardiac care for adult cardiac surgical patients 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
13 studies · 1888 participants
Low

Time‐directed extubation protocol vs usual care

Length of hospital stay · adult cardiac surgical patients

1 finding from 1 review

Fast‐track cardiac care for adult cardiac surgical patients 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
8 studies · 1334 participants
Low

Low‐dose opioid based general anaesthesia vs high‐dose opioid based general anaesthesia

Postoperative complications ‐ Myocardial infarction · adult cardiac surgical patients

Low‐dose opioid‐based GA showed no clear difference in postoperative myocardial infarction compared with high‐dose opioid‐based GA (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fast‐track cardiac care for adult cardiac surgical patients 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.98 [0.48, 1.99]
8 studies · 1683 participants
Low

Low‐dose opioid based general anaesthesia vs high‐dose opioid based general anaesthesia

Postoperative complications ‐ Stroke · adult cardiac surgical patients

Low‐dose opioid‐based GA showed no clear difference in postoperative stroke compared with high‐dose opioid‐based GA (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fast‐track cardiac care for adult cardiac surgical patients 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.17 [0.36, 3.78]
5 studies · 562 participants
Low

Low‐dose opioid based general anaesthesia vs high‐dose opioid based general anaesthesia

Postoperative tracheal reintubation · adult cardiac surgical patients

Low‐dose opioid‐based GA showed no clear difference in postoperative tracheal reintubation compared with high‐dose opioid‐based GA (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fast‐track cardiac care for adult cardiac surgical patients 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.77 [0.38, 8.27]
5 studies · 594 participants
Low

Low‐dose opioid based general anaesthesia vs high‐dose opioid based general anaesthesia

Time to extubation (hours) · adult cardiac surgical patients

1 finding from 1 review

Fast‐track cardiac care for adult cardiac surgical patients 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
14 studies · 2486 participants
Low

Low‐dose opioid based general anaesthesia vs high‐dose opioid based general anaesthesia

Length of critical care stay (hours) · adult cardiac surgical patients

1 finding from 1 review

Fast‐track cardiac care for adult cardiac surgical patients 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
12 studies · 1394 participants
Low

Low‐dose opioid based general anaesthesia vs high‐dose opioid based general anaesthesia

Length of hospital stay · adult cardiac surgical patients

1 finding from 1 review

Fast‐track cardiac care for adult cardiac surgical patients 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
8 studies · 913 participants
Low

Time‐directed extubation protocol vs usual care

Mortality ‐ Death at any time after surgery · adult cardiac surgical patients

Time‐directed extubation protocol showed no clear difference in mortality ‐ Death at any time after surgery compared with usual care (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fast‐track cardiac care for adult cardiac surgical patients 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.8 [0.45, 1.45]
10 studies · 1802 participants
Low

Time‐directed extubation protocol vs usual care

Postoperative complications ‐ Myocardial infarction · adult cardiac surgical patients

Time‐directed extubation protocol showed no clear difference in postoperative myocardial infarction compared with usual care (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fast‐track cardiac care for adult cardiac surgical patients 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.59 [0.27, 1.31]
8 studies · 1378 participants
Low

Double vs single‐injection technique

Primary anaesthesia failure (incomplete sensory block) · Adult patients undergoing hand, wrist or forearm surgery

Double leads to lower primary anaesthesia failure (incomplete sensory block) compared with single‐injection technique (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Single, double or multiple‐injection techniques for non‐ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block in adults… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.55 [0.34, 0.89]
9 studies · 527 participants
High

Multiple vs single‐injection technique

Secondary analgesia failure : Tourniquet pain · Adult patients undergoing hand, wrist or forearm surgery

Multiple showed no clear difference in secondary analgesia failure ‐ tourniquet pain compared with single‐injection technique (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Single, double or multiple‐injection techniques for non‐ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block in adults… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.97 [0.3, 3.11]
4 studies · 379 participants
High

Multiple vs single‐injection technique

Complete failure of block1 · Adult patients undergoing hand, wrist or forearm surgery

Multiple showed no clear difference in complete failure of block1 compared with single‐injection technique (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Single, double or multiple‐injection techniques for non‐ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block in adults… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.31 [0.03, 2.71]
7 studies · 484 participants
Moderate

Multiple vs single‐injection technique

Time to readiness for surgery2 (minutes) · Adult patients undergoing hand, wrist or forearm surgery

1 finding from 1 review

Single, double or multiple‐injection techniques for non‐ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block in adults… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 206 participants
Low

Multiple vs single‐injection technique

Intravascular injection · Adult patients undergoing hand, wrist or forearm surgery

Multiple showed no clear difference in intravascular injection compared with single‐injection technique (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Single, double or multiple‐injection techniques for non‐ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block in adults… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.35 [0.2, 9.06]
4 studies · 352 participants
Moderate

Multiple vs single‐injection technique

Adverse effects lasting more than 24 hours3 · Adult patients undergoing hand, wrist or forearm surgery

1 finding from 1 review

Single, double or multiple‐injection techniques for non‐ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block in adults… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 244 participants
Low

Multiple vs double‐injection technique

Primary anaesthesia failure · Adult patients undergoing hand, wrist or forearm surgery

Multiple leads to lower primary anaesthesia failure compared with double‐injection technique (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Single, double or multiple‐injection techniques for non‐ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block in adults… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.27 [0.19, 0.39]
12 studies · 966 participants
High

Multiple vs double‐injection technique

Secondary analgesia failure: Intraoperative sedation required · Adult patients undergoing hand, wrist or forearm surgery

Multiple showed no clear difference in secondary analgesia failure ‐ intraoperative sedation required compared with double‐injection technique (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Single, double or multiple‐injection techniques for non‐ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block in adults… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.75 [0.55, 1.03]
7 studies · 716 participants
High