Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

1,097 questions · 1,119 findings · 70 reviews · Kidney and Transplant

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No studies found 271 · 24.2%GRADE not reported 17 · 1.5%Very low 271 · 24.2%Low 349 · 31.2%Moderate 182 · 16.3%High 29 · 2.6%

Azathioprine vs mycophenolate

Leucopenia · Patients with maintenance treatment in lupus nephritis

Azathioprine (AZA) may leads to higher leucopenia compared with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Immunosuppressive treatment for proliferative lupus nephritis 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 5.61 [1.68, 18.72]
3 studies · 412 participants
Low

Azathioprine vs mycophenolate

Alopecia · Patients with maintenance treatment in lupus nephritis

Azathioprine (AZA) showed no clear difference in alopecia compared with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Immunosuppressive treatment for proliferative lupus nephritis 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.95 [0.46, 1.95]
3 studies · 412 participants
Low

Mycophenolate mofetil vs IV cyclophosphamide

ESKD · patients with induction therapy in lupus nephritis

It is very uncertain whether mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) changes ESKD compared with IV cyclophosphamide (CPA) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Immunosuppressive treatment for proliferative lupus nephritis 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.71 [0.27, 1.84]
3 studies · 231 participants
Very low

Mycophenolate mofetil vs IV cyclophosphamide

Complete renal remission · patients with induction therapy in lupus nephritis

Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) showed no clear difference in complete renal remission compared with IV cyclophosphamide (CPA) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Immunosuppressive treatment for proliferative lupus nephritis 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.17 [0.97, 1.42]
8 studies · 828 participants
Low

Mycophenolate mofetil vs IV cyclophosphamide

Partial renal remission · patients with induction therapy in lupus nephritis

Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) showed no clear difference in partial renal remission compared with IV cyclophosphamide (CPA) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Immunosuppressive treatment for proliferative lupus nephritis 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.02 [0.89, 1.18]
9 studies · 868 participants
Low

Mycophenolate mofetil vs IV cyclophosphamide

Ovarian failure · patients with induction therapy in lupus nephritis

It is very uncertain whether mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) changes ovarian failure compared with IV cyclophosphamide (CPA) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Immunosuppressive treatment for proliferative lupus nephritis 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.36 [0.06, 2.18]
3 studies · 539 participants
Very low

Mycophenolate mofetil vs IV cyclophosphamide

Major infection · patients with induction therapy in lupus nephritis

Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) showed no clear difference in major infection compared with IV cyclophosphamide (CPA) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Immunosuppressive treatment for proliferative lupus nephritis 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.02 [0.67, 1.54]
6 studies · 699 participants
Low

Mycophenolate mofetil vs IV cyclophosphamide

Alopecia · patients with induction therapy in lupus nephritis

Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) probably leads to lower alopecia compared with IV cyclophosphamide (CPA) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Immunosuppressive treatment for proliferative lupus nephritis 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.29 [0.19, 0.46]
3 studies · 622 participants
Moderate

Mycophenolate mofetil vs IV cyclophosphamide

Diarrhoea · patients with induction therapy in lupus nephritis

Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) probably leads to higher diarrhoea compared with IV cyclophosphamide (CPA) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Immunosuppressive treatment for proliferative lupus nephritis 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.42 [1.64, 3.58]
4 studies · 609 participants
Moderate

Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) + tacrolimus (TAC) vs IV cyclophosphamide

Complete renal remission · Patients with proliferative lupus nephritis

Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) + tacrolimus (TAC) may leads to higher complete renal remission compared with IV cyclophosphamide (CPA) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Immunosuppressive treatment for proliferative lupus nephritis 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.38 [1.07, 5.3]
2 studies · 402 participants
Low

Summary of findings: Sevelamer vs placebo or usual care

Death (all causes) · people with CKD

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings: Sevelamer changes death (all causes) compared with placebo/usual care (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Phosphate binders for preventing and treating chronic kidney disease‐mineral and bone disorder (CKD‐MBD) 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.16 [0.2, 22.8]
3 studies · 248 participants
Very low

Summary of findings ‐ Lanthanum vs placebo or usual care

Cardiovascular mortality · people with CKD

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Phosphate binders for preventing and treating chronic kidney disease‐mineral and bone disorder (CKD‐MBD) 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Summary of findings ‐ Lanthanum vs placebo or usual care

Nausea · people with CKD

Summary of findings: Lanthanum may leads to higher nausea compared with placebo/usual care (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Phosphate binders for preventing and treating chronic kidney disease‐mineral and bone disorder (CKD‐MBD) 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 3.72 [1.36, 10.18]
4 studies · 383 participants
Low

Summary of findings ‐ Lanthanum vs placebo or usual care

Vomiting · people with CKD

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings: Lanthanum changes vomiting compared with placebo/usual care (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Phosphate binders for preventing and treating chronic kidney disease‐mineral and bone disorder (CKD‐MBD) 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.76 [0.41, 18.63]
3 studies · 261 participants
Very low

Summary of findings ‐ Lanthanum vs placebo or usual care

Constipation · people with CKD

Summary of findings: Lanthanum probably leads to higher constipation compared with placebo/usual care (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Phosphate binders for preventing and treating chronic kidney disease‐mineral and bone disorder (CKD‐MBD) 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.98 [1.21, 7.3]
4 studies · 299 participants
Moderate

Summary of findings ‐ Lanthanum vs placebo or usual care

Serum phosphate level · people with CKD

1 finding from 1 review

Phosphate binders for preventing and treating chronic kidney disease‐mineral and bone disorder (CKD‐MBD) 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 171 participants
Low

Summary of findings ‐ Lanthanum vs placebo or usual care

Coronary artery calcification score · people with CKD

1 finding from 1 review

Phosphate binders for preventing and treating chronic kidney disease‐mineral and bone disorder (CKD‐MBD) 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 38 participants
Very low

Summary of findings: Iron vs placebo or usual care

Death (all causes) · people with CKD

Summary of findings: Iron showed no clear difference in death (all causes) compared with placebo/usual care (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Phosphate binders for preventing and treating chronic kidney disease‐mineral and bone disorder (CKD‐MBD) 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.52 [0.06, 4.65]
2 studies · 239 participants
Low

Summary of findings: Iron vs placebo or usual care

Cardiovascular mortality · people with CKD

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Phosphate binders for preventing and treating chronic kidney disease‐mineral and bone disorder (CKD‐MBD) 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Summary of findings: Iron vs placebo or usual care

Hypercalcaemia · people with CKD

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Phosphate binders for preventing and treating chronic kidney disease‐mineral and bone disorder (CKD‐MBD) 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found