Gap finder
Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,653 questions in 194 reviews · Gynaecology and Fertility
current versionsNo studies 531 · 20%Ungraded 76 · 2.9%Very low 826 · 31.1%Low 855 · 32.2%Moderate 341 · 12.9%High 24 · 0.9%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Antioestrogen plus medical adjunct vs antioestrogen alone Clomiphene citrate plus ketoconazole versus clomiphene citrate · ovulation induction in polycystic ovarian syndrome Clomiphene and other antioestrogens for ovulation induction in polycystic ovarian syndrome (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Antioestrogen plus medical adjunct vs antioestrogen alone Clomiphene citrate plus bromocriptine versus clomiphene citrate ‐ Clinical pregnancy rate · ovulation induction in polycystic ovarian syndrome Clomiphene and other antioestrogens for ovulation induction in polycystic ovarian syndrome (2016) · Cochrane | OR 1.03 [0.48, 2.21] | 2 studies · 174 participants | Low |
Antioestrogen plus medical adjunct vs antioestrogen alone Clomiphene citrate plus dexamethasone versus clomiphene citrate · ovulation induction in polycystic ovarian syndrome Clomiphene and other antioestrogens for ovulation induction in polycystic ovarian syndrome (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Antioestrogen plus medical adjunct vs antioestrogen alone Clomiphene citrate plus combined oral contraceptive versus clomiphene citrate ‐ Miscarriage rate · ovulation induction in polycystic ovarian syndrome Clomiphene and other antioestrogens for ovulation induction in polycystic ovarian syndrome (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Antioestrogen plus medical adjunct vs antioestrogen alone Clomiphene citrate plus hCG versus clomiphene citrate alone · ovulation induction in polycystic ovarian syndrome Clomiphene and other antioestrogens for ovulation induction in polycystic ovarian syndrome (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Antioestrogen plus medical adjunct vs antioestrogen alone Clomiphene citrate plus hormone supplementation versus clomiphene citrate alone · ovulation induction in polycystic ovarian syndrome Clomiphene and other antioestrogens for ovulation induction in polycystic ovarian syndrome (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Live birth ‐ Clomiphene citrate 5 days versus clomiphene citrate 10 days · ovulation induction in polycystic ovarian syndrome Clomiphene and other antioestrogens for ovulation induction in polycystic ovarian syndrome (2016) · Cochrane | OR 0.1 [0.02, 0.45] | 1 study · 220 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Clinical pregnancy ‐ Clomiphene citrate 5 days versus clomiphene citrate 10 days · ovulation induction in polycystic ovarian syndrome Clomiphene and other antioestrogens for ovulation induction in polycystic ovarian syndrome (2016) · Cochrane | OR 0.18 [0.06, 0.55] | 1 study · 220 participants | Low |
Antioestrogen vs placebo Miscarriage rate ‐ not reported · ovulation induction in polycystic ovarian syndrome Clomiphene and other antioestrogens for ovulation induction in polycystic ovarian syndrome (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Multiple pregnancy ‐ Clomiphene citrate 5 days versus clomiphene citrate 10 days · ovulation induction in polycystic ovarian syndrome Clomiphene and other antioestrogens for ovulation induction in polycystic ovarian syndrome (2016) · Cochrane | OR 0.33 [0.03, 3.2] | 1 study · 220 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Miscarriage rate ‐ Early versus late clomiphene citrate · ovulation induction in polycystic ovarian syndrome Clomiphene and other antioestrogens for ovulation induction in polycystic ovarian syndrome (2016) · Cochrane | OR 1.25 [0.27, 5.7] | 1 study · 212 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Clinical pregnancy ‐ Early versus late clomiphene citrate · ovulation induction in polycystic ovarian syndrome Clomiphene and other antioestrogens for ovulation induction in polycystic ovarian syndrome (2016) · Cochrane | OR 2.81 [1.02, 7.75] | 1 study · 78 participants | Low |
Antioestrogen vs placebo Clinical pregnancy rate · ovulation induction in polycystic ovarian syndrome Clomiphene and other antioestrogens for ovulation induction in polycystic ovarian syndrome (2016) · Cochrane | OR 5.91 [1.77, 19.68] | 3 studies · 133 participants | Low |
Antioestrogen vs placebo Multiple pregnancy rate ‐ not reported · ovulation induction in polycystic ovarian syndrome Clomiphene and other antioestrogens for ovulation induction in polycystic ovarian syndrome (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Antioestrogen vs placebo Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) ‐ not reported · ovulation induction in polycystic ovarian syndrome Clomiphene and other antioestrogens for ovulation induction in polycystic ovarian syndrome (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Antioestrogen vs antioestrogen Clomiphene citrate versus tamoxifen ‐ Live birth rate · ovulation induction in polycystic ovarian syndrome Clomiphene and other antioestrogens for ovulation induction in polycystic ovarian syndrome (2016) · Cochrane | OR 1.24 [0.59, 2.62] | 2 studies · 195 participants | Low |
Antioestrogen vs antioestrogen Clomiphene citrate versus tamoxifen ‐ Miscarriage rate · ovulation induction in polycystic ovarian syndrome Clomiphene and other antioestrogens for ovulation induction in polycystic ovarian syndrome (2016) · Cochrane | OR 1.81 [0.8, 4.12] | 4 studies · 653 participants | Low |
Antioestrogen vs antioestrogen Clomiphene citrate versus tamoxifen ‐ Clinical pregnancy rate · ovulation induction in polycystic ovarian syndrome Clomiphene and other antioestrogens for ovulation induction in polycystic ovarian syndrome (2016) · Cochrane | OR 1.3 [0.92, 1.85] | 5 studies · 757 participants | Low |
Antioestrogen vs antioestrogen Clomiphene citrate versus tamoxifen ‐ Multiple pregnancy · ovulation induction in polycystic ovarian syndrome Clomiphene and other antioestrogens for ovulation induction in polycystic ovarian syndrome (2016) · Cochrane | OR 2.34 [0.34, 16.04] | 3 studies · 567 participants | Very low |
RhCG vs uhCG Ongoing pregnancy/live birth rate per woman · women undergoing final oocyte maturation triggering in IVF and ICSI cycles Recombinant versus urinary human chorionic gonadotrophin for final oocyte maturation triggering in IVF and… (2016) · Cochrane | OR 1.15 [0.89, 1.49] | 7 studies · 1136 participants | Moderate |
RhLH vs uhCG Adverse events per woman · women undergoing final oocyte maturation triggering in IVF and ICSI cycles Recombinant versus urinary human chorionic gonadotrophin for final oocyte maturation triggering in IVF and… (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 259 participants | Ungraded |
RhCG vs uhCG OHSS per woman ‐ moderate to severe OHSS · women undergoing final oocyte maturation triggering in IVF and ICSI cycles Recombinant versus urinary human chorionic gonadotrophin for final oocyte maturation triggering in IVF and… (2016) · Cochrane | OR 1.76 [0.37, 8.45] | 3 studies · 417 participants | Low |
RhCG vs uhCG Clinical pregnancy rate per woman · women undergoing final oocyte maturation triggering in IVF and ICSI cycles Recombinant versus urinary human chorionic gonadotrophin for final oocyte maturation triggering in IVF and… (2016) · Cochrane | OR 1.06 [0.87, 1.29] | 13 studies · 1806 participants | Moderate |
RhCG vs uhCG Miscarriage rate per woman · women undergoing final oocyte maturation triggering in IVF and ICSI cycles Recombinant versus urinary human chorionic gonadotrophin for final oocyte maturation triggering in IVF and… (2016) · Cochrane | OR 0.72 [0.41, 1.25] | 9 studies · 1347 participants | Low |
RhCG vs uhCG Adverse events per woman · women undergoing final oocyte maturation triggering in IVF and ICSI cycles Recombinant versus urinary human chorionic gonadotrophin for final oocyte maturation triggering in IVF and… (2016) · Cochrane | OR 0.52 [0.35, 0.76] | 5 studies · 561 participants | Moderate |
RhLH vs uhCG Ongoing pregnancy/live birth rate per woman · women undergoing final oocyte maturation triggering in IVF and ICSI cycles Recombinant versus urinary human chorionic gonadotrophin for final oocyte maturation triggering in IVF and… (2016) · Cochrane | OR 0.95 [0.51, 1.78] | 2 studies · 289 participants | Very low |
RhLH vs uhCG OHSS per woman ‐ Moderate OHSS · women undergoing final oocyte maturation triggering in IVF and ICSI cycles Recombinant versus urinary human chorionic gonadotrophin for final oocyte maturation triggering in IVF and… (2016) · Cochrane | OR 0.83 [0.4, 1.7] | 2 studies · 289 participants | Very low |
RhLH vs uhCG Clinical pregnancy rate per woman · women undergoing final oocyte maturation triggering in IVF and ICSI cycles Recombinant versus urinary human chorionic gonadotrophin for final oocyte maturation triggering in IVF and… (2016) · Cochrane | OR 0.94 [0.54, 1.64] | 2 studies · 289 participants | Very low |
RhLH vs uhCG Miscarriage rate per woman · women undergoing final oocyte maturation triggering in IVF and ICSI cycles Recombinant versus urinary human chorionic gonadotrophin for final oocyte maturation triggering in IVF and… (2016) · Cochrane | OR 0.95 [0.38, 2.4] | 2 studies · 280 participants | Very low |
Surgery vs oral medication Control of bleeding (cure or improvement to acceptable level) At 4 months · women with heavy menstrual bleeding Surgery versus medical therapy for heavy menstrual bleeding (2016) · Cochrane | RR 2.66 [1.94, 3.64] | 1 study · 186 participants | Moderate |
Surgery vs LNG‐IUS Satisfaction rate: surgery versus LNG‐IUS Endometrial ablation versus LNG‐IUS At 2 years · women with heavy menstrual bleeding Surgery versus medical therapy for heavy menstrual bleeding (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.81, 1.08] | 2 studies · 117 participants | Low |
Surgery vs LNG‐IUS Proportion of women with adverse events Endometrial ablation versus LNG‐IUS. At one year · women with heavy menstrual bleeding Surgery versus medical therapy for heavy menstrual bleeding (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.51 [0.36, 0.74] | 3 studies · 201 participants | Moderate |
Surgery vs oral medication Control of bleeding (cure or improvement to acceptable level) At 2 years · women with heavy menstrual bleeding Surgery versus medical therapy for heavy menstrual bleeding (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.29 [1.06, 1.57] | 1 study · 173 participants | Low |
Surgery vs oral medication Control of bleeding (cure or improvement to acceptable level) At 5 years · women with heavy menstrual bleeding Surgery versus medical therapy for heavy menstrual bleeding (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.14 [0.97, 1.34] | 1 study · 140 participants | Very low |
Surgery vs oral medication Overall satisfaction with treatment At 2 years · women with heavy menstrual bleeding Surgery versus medical therapy for heavy menstrual bleeding (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.4 [1.13, 1.74] | 1 study · 173 participants | Moderate |
Surgery vs oral medication Overall satisfaction with treatment At 5 years · women with heavy menstrual bleeding Surgery versus medical therapy for heavy menstrual bleeding (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.13 [0.94, 1.37] | 1 study · 141 participants | Very low |
Surgery vs oral medication Adverse events at 4 months · women with heavy menstrual bleeding Surgery versus medical therapy for heavy menstrual bleeding (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.26 [0.15, 0.46] | 1 study · 186 participants | Moderate |
Surgery vs LNG‐IUS Objective control of bleeding: menstrual loss under 80 ml per cycle LNG‐IUS versus hysterectomy At 1 year · women with heavy menstrual bleeding Surgery versus medical therapy for heavy menstrual bleeding (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.11 [1.05, 1.19] | 1 study · 223 participants | Moderate |
Surgery vs LNG‐IUS Subjective control of bleeding: PBAC no more than 75 per cycle Endometrial resection or ablation versus LNG‐IUS At 1 year · women with heavy menstrual bleeding Surgery versus medical therapy for heavy menstrual bleeding (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.19 [1.07, 1.32] | 5 studies · 281 participants | Low |
Surgery vs LNG‐IUS Satisfaction rate: surgery versus LNG‐IUS Endometrial ablation versus LNG‐IUS At 1 year · women with heavy menstrual bleeding Surgery versus medical therapy for heavy menstrual bleeding (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.1 [0.98, 1.24] | 5 studies · 332 participants | Low |
Anterior prolapse repair: native tissue vs biological graft Awareness of prolapse (1‐2 years) · women with anterior compartment pelvic organ prolapse Surgery for women with anterior compartment prolapse (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.52, 1.82] | 5 studies · 552 participants | Low |
Anterior prolapse repair: native tissue vs polypropylene mesh Stress urinary incontinence (de novo) (1‐3 years) · women with anterior compartment pelvic organ prolapse Surgery for women with anterior compartment prolapse (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.67 [0.44, 1.01] | 6 studies · 957 participants | Low |
Anterior prolapse repair: native tissue vs polypropylene mesh Dyspareunia (de novo) (1‐2 years) · women with anterior compartment pelvic organ prolapse Surgery for women with anterior compartment prolapse (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.54 [0.27, 1.06] | 8 studies · 583 participants | Low |
Anterior prolapse repair: native tissue vs polypropylene mesh Repeat surgery for prolapse, SUI or mesh exposure (1‐3 years) · women with anterior compartment pelvic organ prolapse Surgery for women with anterior compartment prolapse (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.59 [0.41, 0.83] | 12 studies · 1527 participants | Moderate |
Anterior prolapse repair: native tissue vs absorbable mesh Awareness of prolapse (2 years) · women with anterior compartment pelvic organ prolapse Surgery for women with anterior compartment prolapse (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.7, 1.31] | 1 study · 54 participants | Very low |
Anterior prolapse repair: native tissue vs absorbable mesh Repeat surgery for prolapse (stage 2 or greater) at 2 years · women with anterior compartment pelvic organ prolapse Surgery for women with anterior compartment prolapse (2016) · Cochrane | RR 2.13 [0.42, 10.82] | 1 study · 66 participants | Very low |
Anterior prolapse repair: native tissue vs absorbable mesh Recurrent anterior compartment prolapse (3 months to 2 years) · women with anterior compartment pelvic organ prolapse Surgery for women with anterior compartment prolapse (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.5 [1.09, 2.06] | 3 studies · 268 participants | Moderate |
Anterior prolapse repair: native tissue vs absorbable mesh De novo dyspareunia · women with anterior compartment pelvic organ prolapse Surgery for women with anterior compartment prolapse (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Anterior prolapse repair: native tissue vs absorbable mesh Stress urinary incontinence (2 years) · women with anterior compartment pelvic organ prolapse Surgery for women with anterior compartment prolapse (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.72 [0.5, 1.05] | 1 study · 49 participants | Very low |
Anterior prolapse repair: native tissue vs biological graft Repeat surgery for prolapse (1‐2 years) · women with anterior compartment pelvic organ prolapse Surgery for women with anterior compartment prolapse (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.53, 1.97] | 7 studies · 650 participants | Moderate |