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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
612 questions in 46 reviews · Work
current versionsNo studies 78 · 12.7%Ungraded 4 · 0.7%Very low 295 · 48.2%Low 182 · 29.7%Moderate 49 · 8%High 4 · 0.7%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Procedures: doffing according to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention method vs individual doffing Contamination with fluor marker when using gowns · healthcare worker volunteers Personal protective equipment for preventing highly infectious diseases due to exposure to contaminated body… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 50 participants | Very low |
Procedures: doffing according to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention method vs individual doffing Contamination with fluor marker when using aprons · healthcare worker volunteers Personal protective equipment for preventing highly infectious diseases due to exposure to contaminated body… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 50 participants | Very low |
Procedures: single‐step doffing vs Centers Fluorescent contamination · preventing highly infectious diseases due to exposure to contaminated body fluids in healthcare workers Personal protective equipment for preventing highly infectious diseases due to exposure to contaminated body… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.75, 1.28] | 1 study · 22 participants | Very low |
Procedures: single‐step doffing vs Centers Bacterial contamination · preventing highly infectious diseases due to exposure to contaminated body fluids in healthcare workers Personal protective equipment for preventing highly infectious diseases due to exposure to contaminated body… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.2 [0.05, 0.77] | 1 study · 27 participants | Very low |
Procedures: doffing with double gloves vs doffing with single gloves Contamination: virus detected ‐ all body parts · healthcare workers Personal protective equipment for preventing highly infectious diseases due to exposure to contaminated body… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.34 [0.17, 0.66] | 1 study · 58 participants | Very low |
Procedures: doffing with double gloves vs doffing with single gloves Contamination: virus detected ‐ face · healthcare workers Personal protective equipment for preventing highly infectious diseases due to exposure to contaminated body… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 4.39 [0.53, 36.37] | 1 study · 58 participants | Very low |
Personal protective equipment (PPE) types: powered, air‐purifying respirator (PAPR) plus coverall vs N95 mask plus gown Compliance: noncompliance with doffing guidance · healthcare staff volunteers Personal protective equipment for preventing highly infectious diseases due to exposure to contaminated body… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.5 [0.2, 1.23] | 50 participants | Very low |
Procedures: doffing with double gloves vs doffing with single gloves Contamination: virus detected ‐ shirt · healthcare workers Personal protective equipment for preventing highly infectious diseases due to exposure to contaminated body… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.01 [0.79, 1.29] | 1 study · 58 participants | Very low |
Procedures: doffing with double gloves vs doffing with single gloves Contamination: virus detected ‐ pants · healthcare workers Personal protective equipment for preventing highly infectious diseases due to exposure to contaminated body… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.91 [0.52, 1.58] | 1 study · 36 participants | Very low |
Procedures: doffing with double gloves vs doffing with single gloves Non‐compliance: any error · healthcare workers Personal protective equipment for preventing highly infectious diseases due to exposure to contaminated body… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.08 [0.7, 1.67] | 1 study · 36 participants | Very low |
Procedures: doffing with double gloves vs doffing with single gloves Contamination with fluorescent · healthcare workers Personal protective equipment for preventing highly infectious diseases due to exposure to contaminated body… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.75, 1.28] | 1 study · 22 participants | Very low |
Procedures: donning and doffing with instructions vs without instruction People with one or more errors · healthcare workers Personal protective equipment for preventing highly infectious diseases due to exposure to contaminated body… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.31 [0.11, 0.93] | 1 study · 120 participants | Very low |
Procedures: donning and doffing with instructions vs without instruction Mean errors · healthcare workers Personal protective equipment for preventing highly infectious diseases due to exposure to contaminated body… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 120 participants | Very low |
Procedures: donning and doffing with instructions vs without instruction Fluorescence contamination · healthcare workers Personal protective equipment for preventing highly infectious diseases due to exposure to contaminated body… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 24 participants | Low |
Procedures: doffing with extra sanitation of gloves vs standard no sanitation Bacterial contamination: alcohol‐based hand rub · healthcare workers Personal protective equipment for preventing highly infectious diseases due to exposure to contaminated body… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.75 [0.39, 1.45] | 1 study · 46 participants | Low |
Procedures: doffing with extra sanitation of gloves vs standard no sanitation Bacterial contamination: quaternary ammonium · healthcare workers Personal protective equipment for preventing highly infectious diseases due to exposure to contaminated body… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 20 participants | Very low |
Procedures: doffing with extra sanitation of gloves vs standard no sanitation Bacterial contamination: bleach · healthcare workers Personal protective equipment for preventing highly infectious diseases due to exposure to contaminated body… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 20 participants | Very low |
Personal protective equipment (PPE) types: more protective vs less protective Number of contaminated spots: trunk Fluorescent marker · healthcare worker volunteers Personal protective equipment for preventing highly infectious diseases due to exposure to contaminated body… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 50 participants | Very low |
Procedures: doffing with hypochlorite vs doffing with alcohol‐based glove sanitiser Contamination: MS2 · healthcare workers Personal protective equipment for preventing highly infectious diseases due to exposure to contaminated body… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 4 [0.47, 34.24] | 1 study · 15 participants | Very low |
Procedures: doffing with hypochlorite vs doffing with alcohol‐based glove sanitiser Contamination: Ph6 · healthcare workers Personal protective equipment for preventing highly infectious diseases due to exposure to contaminated body… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 15 participants | Very low |
Teaching: video‐based learning vs traditional lecture Skills in PPE donning · healthcare workers Personal protective equipment for preventing highly infectious diseases due to exposure to contaminated body… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 26 participants | Very low |
Personal protective equipment (PPE) types: more protective vs less protective Number of contaminated spots: neck Fluorescent marker · healthcare worker volunteers Personal protective equipment for preventing highly infectious diseases due to exposure to contaminated body… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 50 participants | Very low |
Personal protective equipment (PPE) types: more protective vs less protective Number of contaminated spots: foot Fluorescent marker · healthcare worker volunteers Personal protective equipment for preventing highly infectious diseases due to exposure to contaminated body… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 50 participants | Very low |
Personal protective equipment (PPE) types: more protective vs less protective Number of contaminated spots: palm Fluorescent marker · healthcare worker volunteers Personal protective equipment for preventing highly infectious diseases due to exposure to contaminated body… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 50 participants | Very low |
Personal protective equipment (PPE) types: more protective vs less protective Number of contaminated spots: trunk or neck Fluorescent marker · healthcare worker volunteers Personal protective equipment for preventing highly infectious diseases due to exposure to contaminated body… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Personal protective equipment (PPE) types: more protective vs less protective Usability score Range 1 to 5, higher indicating better · healthcare worker volunteers Personal protective equipment for preventing highly infectious diseases due to exposure to contaminated body… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 50 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR 1.1 Number of episodes of aggression (CRCT)—short‐term · healthcare workers Education and training for preventing and minimizing workplace aggression directed toward healthcare workers (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 49 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR 1.2 Number of episodes of aggression (CBA)—short‐term · healthcare workers Education and training for preventing and minimizing workplace aggression directed toward healthcare workers (2020) · Cochrane | RR 2.3 [0.97, 5.42] | 155 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR 1.3 Number of episodes of aggression (CBA)—short‐term · healthcare workers Education and training for preventing and minimizing workplace aggression directed toward healthcare workers (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 23 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR 1.4 Number of episodes of aggression (CRCT)—long‐term · healthcare workers Education and training for preventing and minimizing workplace aggression directed toward healthcare workers (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.14 [0.95, 1.37] | 291 participants | Low |
Intervention NR 2.1 Knowledge about aggression (RCT/CRCT)—short‐term · healthcare workers Education and training for preventing and minimizing workplace aggression directed toward healthcare workers (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 62 participants | Low |
Intervention NR 2.2 Knowledge about aggression(RCT/CRCT)—long‐term · healthcare workers Education and training for preventing and minimizing workplace aggression directed toward healthcare workers (2020) · Cochrane | 1.26 [0.9, 1.75] | 291 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Attitudes (RCT/CRCT)—short‐term · healthcare workers Education and training for preventing and minimizing workplace aggression directed toward healthcare workers (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 683 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Skills (RCT/CRCT)—short‐term · healthcare workers Education and training for preventing and minimizing workplace aggression directed toward healthcare workers (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 198 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Adverse personal outcomes (RCT/CRCT)—short‐term · healthcare workers Education and training for preventing and minimizing workplace aggression directed toward healthcare workers (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 31 participants | Very low |
Vector‐directed intervention at pre‐event vs practice Overall aggression · healthcare workers Organisational interventions for preventing and minimising aggression directed towards healthcare workers by… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 209 participants | Very low |
Vector‐directed intervention at pre‐event vs practice Overall aggression · healthcare workers Organisational interventions for preventing and minimising aggression directed towards healthcare workers by… (2020) · Cochrane | Risk ratio 0.36 [0.16, 0.78] | 1 study · 20 participants | Very low |
Vector‐directed intervention at event vs practice Overall aggression · healthcare workers Organisational interventions for preventing and minimising aggression directed towards healthcare workers by… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 82 participants | Low |
Vector‐directed intervention at event vs practice Physical aggression · healthcare workers Organisational interventions for preventing and minimising aggression directed towards healthcare workers by… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 46 participants | Very low |
Vector‐directed intervention at event vs practice Verbal aggression · healthcare workers Organisational interventions for preventing and minimising aggression directed towards healthcare workers by… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 46 participants | Very low |
Vector‐directed intervention at pre‐event/event vs practice Physical aggression · healthcare workers Organisational interventions for preventing and minimising aggression directed towards healthcare workers by… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 101 participants | Very low |
Vector‐directed intervention at pre‐event/event vs practice Verbal aggression · healthcare workers Organisational interventions for preventing and minimising aggression directed towards healthcare workers by… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 101 participants | Very low |
Multicomponent intervention vs practice Overall aggression · healthcare workers Organisational interventions for preventing and minimising aggression directed towards healthcare workers by… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 209 participants | Very low |
Multicomponent intervention vs physical fitness Overall aggression · healthcare workers Organisational interventions for preventing and minimising aggression directed towards healthcare workers by… (2020) · Cochrane | OR 0.85 [0.63, 1.15] | 1 study · 1609 participants | Low |
Educational interventions for preventing lead poisoning in workers (pre‐intervention vs post‐intervention) Blood lead levels (high baseline levels) (µg/dL at short‐term · workers and foremen Educational interventions for preventing lead poisoning in workers (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 18 participants | Very low |
Educational interventions for preventing lead poisoning in workers (pre‐intervention vs post‐intervention) Blood lead levels (high baseline levels) (µg/dL at medium‐term · workers and foremen Educational interventions for preventing lead poisoning in workers (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 34 participants | Very low |
Educational interventions for preventing lead poisoning in workers (pre‐intervention vs post‐intervention) Blood lead levels (high baseline levels) (µg/dL at long‐term · workers and foremen Educational interventions for preventing lead poisoning in workers (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 69 participants | Very low |
Educational interventions for preventing lead poisoning in workers (pre‐intervention vs post‐intervention) Blood lead levels (low baseline levels) (µg/dL at long‐term · workers and foremen Educational interventions for preventing lead poisoning in workers (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 52 participants | Very low |
Educational interventions for preventing lead poisoning in workers (pre‐intervention vs post‐intervention) Urine lead levels (high baseline levels) (µg/L at short‐term · workers and foremen Educational interventions for preventing lead poisoning in workers (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 35 participants | Very low |
Educational interventions for preventing lead poisoning in workers (pre‐intervention vs post‐intervention) Zinc protoporphyrin levels in blood · workers and foremen Educational interventions for preventing lead poisoning in workers (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 51 participants | Very low |