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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
271 questions in 11 reviews · Temporomandibular disorders and sleep
current versionsNo studies 70 · 25.8%Ungraded 160 · 59%Very low 29 · 10.7%Low 12 · 4.4%Moderate 0 · 0%High 0 · 0%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Orthodontic treatment with appliances inducing stable, permanent orthodontic tooth movement (splints worn 8 to 12 weeks and surgical interventions excluded) vs Control: no treatment, placebo, or reassurance Patient quality of life · Adults aged 18 years or older with clinically diagnosed TMD (exhibiting two or more of the listed signs and/or symptoms) · At least 6 months after the intervention Orthodontics for treating temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
Oral gabapentin (anticonvulsant) vs Placebo Adverse events (withdrawals due to adverse effects) · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to… · 12 weeks Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders (2010) · Cochrane | Four of the participants withdrew from the study by Kimos et al 2007 due to adverse effects, but neither the type of adverse effect nor the trial group was specified. | 1 study · 44 participants | Ungraded |
Orthodontic treatment with appliances inducing stable, permanent orthodontic tooth movement (splints worn 8 to 12 weeks and surgical interventions excluded) vs Control: no treatment, placebo, or reassurance Adverse effects on oral health · Adults aged 18 years or older with clinically diagnosed TMD (exhibiting two or more of the listed signs and/or symptoms) · At least 6 months after the intervention Orthodontics for treating temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
Oral diazepam (benzodiazepine) vs Placebo Adverse events (reported; mild, no withdrawals) · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to… · 15 days Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders (2010) · Cochrane | Roldan et al 1990 (diazepam) reported adverse effects. Per the review's Adverse effects of interventions section: 'All but one study (Lobo et al 2004) reported adverse effects. Most of the reported adverse effects were… | 1 study · 41 participants | Ungraded |
Oral propranolol (beta-blocker) vs Placebo Change in pain index · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to… · 1 week per period (cross-over) Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders (2010) · Cochrane | Tchivileva et al 2010: statistically significant difference in reduction in pain index between the propranolol treatment period and the placebo treatment period (P = 0.02). | 1 study · 40 participants | Ungraded |
Oral diclofenac sodium (NSAID) vs Placebo Adverse events (reported; mild, no withdrawals) · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to… · 2 weeks Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders (2010) · Cochrane | Ekberg et al 1996 (diclofenac) reported adverse effects. Per the review's Adverse effects of interventions section: 'All but one study (Lobo et al 2004) reported adverse effects. Most of the reported adverse effects… | 1 study · 32 participants | Ungraded |
Oral clonazepam (benzodiazepine) vs Placebo Participants' assessment of improvement of pain in right TMJ (VAS) · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to… · 60 days Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders (2010) · Cochrane | MD -0.74 [-3.14, 1.66] | 1 study · 20 participants | Ungraded |
Oral prazepam (benzodiazepine) vs Placebo No improvement in TMJ pain on external palpation · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to… · 8 days, 5 mg prazepam Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders (2010) · Cochrane | RR 0.75 [0.47, 1.19] | 1 study · 83 participants | Ungraded |
Oral clonazepam (benzodiazepine) vs Placebo Pain on palpation of right masseter muscle (VAS) · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to… · 60 days Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders (2010) · Cochrane | MD -1.11 [-2.66, 0.44] | 1 study · 20 participants | Ungraded |
Oral prazepam (benzodiazepine) vs Placebo No improvement in spontaneous TMJ pain · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to… · 8 days, 10 mg prazepam Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders (2010) · Cochrane | RR 1.23 [0.81, 1.88] | 1 study · 83 participants | Ungraded |
Topical methyl salicylate (Theraflex-TMJ) vs Placebo Spontaneous masseter muscle pain (numerical graph rating scale) · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to… · 15 days Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders (2010) · Cochrane | MD -2.00 [-2.38, -1.62] | 1 study · 52 participants | Ungraded |
Topical methyl salicylate (Theraflex-TMJ) vs Placebo Spontaneous TMJ pain (numerical graph rating scale) · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to… · 15 days Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders (2010) · Cochrane | MD -0.90 [-1.35, -0.45] | 1 study · 52 participants | Ungraded |
Oral glucosamine hydrochloride/chondroitin sulphate vs Placebo Total pain rating index (McGill Pain Questionnaire) · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to… · 3 months Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders (2010) · Cochrane | MD 1.60 [-8.29, 11.49] | 1 study · 45 participants | Ungraded |
Oral prazepam (benzodiazepine) vs Placebo No improvement in TMJ pain during mastication · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to… · 8 days, 10 mg prazepam Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders (2010) · Cochrane | RR 1.18 [0.79, 1.77] | 1 study · 83 participants | Ungraded |
Oral gabapentin (anticonvulsant) vs Placebo Participants' assessment of global function (VAS) · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to… · 12 weeks Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders (2010) · Cochrane | MD -1.50 [-3.10, 0.10] | 1 study · 44 participants | Ungraded |
Oral gabapentin (anticonvulsant) vs Placebo Number of tender sites on muscles of mastication (palpation index) · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to… · 12 weeks Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders (2010) · Cochrane | MD -4.56 [-6.99, -2.13] | 1 study · 44 participants | Ungraded |
Oral gabapentin (anticonvulsant) vs Placebo Spontaneous pain in the TMJ (VAS) · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to… · 12 weeks Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders (2010) · Cochrane | MD -3.20 [-4.71, -1.69] | 1 study · 44 participants | Ungraded |
Oral diclofenac sodium (NSAID) vs Placebo Pain at rest (not improved) · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to… · 2 weeks Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders (2010) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 [0.46, 1.76] | 1 study · 32 participants | Ungraded |
Oral cyclobenzaprine (muscle relaxant) vs Placebo Jaw pain (VAS) · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to… · 3 weeks Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders (2010) · Cochrane | MD -1.30 [-2.67, 0.07] | 1 study · 41 participants | Ungraded |
Oral prazepam (benzodiazepine) vs Placebo No improvement in TMJ pain on external palpation · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to… · 8 days, 10 mg prazepam Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders (2010) · Cochrane | RR 1.10 [0.68, 1.49] | 1 study · 83 participants | Ungraded |
Oral propranolol (beta-blocker) vs Placebo Reduction in pain intensity (percentage of patients responding) · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to… · 1 week per period (cross-over) Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders (2010) · Cochrane | Tchivileva et al 2010: a significantly greater percentage of patients (67.5% versus 32.5%) experienced reduction in pain intensity rating during the propranolol treatment period than the placebo treatment period (P =… | 1 study · 40 participants | Ungraded |
Orthodontic treatment with appliances inducing stable, permanent orthodontic tooth movement (splints worn 8 to 12 weeks and surgical interventions excluded) vs Control: no treatment, placebo, or reassurance Limitation of movement · Adults aged 18 years or older with clinically diagnosed TMD (exhibiting two or more of the listed signs and/or symptoms) · At least 6 months after the intervention Orthodontics for treating temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
Oral prazepam (benzodiazepine) vs Placebo No improvement in spontaneous TMJ pain · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to… · 8 days, 5 mg prazepam Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders (2010) · Cochrane | RR 0.79 [0.45, 1.38] | 1 study · 83 participants | Ungraded |
Oral clonazepam (benzodiazepine) vs Placebo Jaw pain (VAS) · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to… · 3 weeks Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders (2010) · Cochrane | MD -0.20 [-1.69, 1.29] | 1 study · 41 participants | Ungraded |
Oral propranolol (beta-blocker) vs Placebo Reduction in pain duration (percentage of day) · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to… · 1 week per period (cross-over) Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders (2010) · Cochrane | Tchivileva et al 2010: no statistically significant difference in reduction in pain duration (P = 0.802) between propranolol and placebo. | 1 study · 40 participants | Ungraded |
Oral propranolol (beta-blocker) vs Placebo Adverse events (treatment-emergent) · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to… · 1 week per period (cross-over) Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders (2010) · Cochrane | Tchivileva et al 2010: at least one treatment-emergent adverse event was reported by five participants (12.5%) during the propranolol period (nausea, diarrhoea, insomnia, dizziness, fatigue) and four participants (10%)… | 1 study · 40 participants | Ungraded |
Oral clonazepam (benzodiazepine) vs Placebo Participants' assessment of improvement of pain in left TMJ (VAS) · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to… · 60 days Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders (2010) · Cochrane | MD -1.36 [-3.68, 0.96] | 1 study · 20 participants | Ungraded |
Oral clonazepam (benzodiazepine) vs Placebo Pain on palpation of left masseter muscle (VAS) · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to… · 60 days Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders (2010) · Cochrane | MD -0.89 [-2.46, 0.68] | 1 study · 20 participants | Ungraded |
Oral piroxicam (NSAID) vs Placebo Number of participants with severe dysfunction (pain of TMD not improved) · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to… · 15 days Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders (2010) · Cochrane | RR 0.71 [0.29, 1.76] | 1 study · 41 participants | Ungraded |
Oral prazepam (benzodiazepine) vs Placebo No improvement in TMJ pain during mastication · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to… · 8 days, 5 mg prazepam Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders (2010) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.61, 1.54] | 1 study · 83 participants | Ungraded |
Topical capsaicin (0.025% cream) vs Placebo Pain on daily activity (VAS) · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to… · 4 weeks Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders (2010) · Cochrane | MD -1.12 [-3.12, 0.88] | 1 study · 30 participants | Ungraded |
Oral cyclobenzaprine (muscle relaxant) vs Placebo Adverse events (reported; mild, no withdrawals) · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to… · 3 weeks Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders (2010) · Cochrane | Herman et al 2002 (cyclobenzaprine) reported adverse effects. Per the review's Adverse effects of interventions section: 'All but one study (Lobo et al 2004) reported adverse effects. Most of the reported adverse… | 1 study · 41 participants | Ungraded |
Oral celecoxib (COX-2 inhibitor) vs Placebo Pain intensity (VAS) · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to… · 6 weeks Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders (2010) · Cochrane | MD 0.03 [-0.40, 0.45] | 1 study · 68 participants | Ungraded |
Topical capsaicin (0.025% cream) vs Placebo Maximum pain while on medication (VAS) · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to… · 4 weeks Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders (2010) · Cochrane | MD -0.91 [-2.89, 1.07] | 1 study · 30 participants | Ungraded |
Oral naproxen (NSAID) vs Placebo Pain intensity (VAS) · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to… · 6 weeks Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders (2010) · Cochrane | MD -1.70 [-2.14, -1.25] | 1 study · 68 participants | Ungraded |
Oral diclofenac sodium (NSAID) vs Placebo Tenderness on palpation of three or more masticatory muscles · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to… · 2 weeks Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders (2010) · Cochrane | RR 0.75 [0.34, 1.67] | 1 study · 32 participants | Ungraded |
Oral glucosamine hydrochloride/chondroitin sulphate vs Placebo Adverse events (withdrawals due to adverse effects) · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to… · 3 months Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders (2010) · Cochrane | Two allergic reactions and one severe abdominal pain led to three withdrawals from the intervention group in the study by Nguyen et al 2001. | 1 study · 45 participants | Ungraded |
Oral naproxen (NSAID) vs Placebo Adverse events (reported; mild, no withdrawals) · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to… · 6 weeks Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders (2010) · Cochrane | Ta and Dionne 2004 (naproxen) reported adverse effects. Per the review: 'All but one study (Lobo et al 2004) reported adverse effects. Most of the reported adverse effects were mild and similar to the adverse effects… | 1 study · 68 participants | Ungraded |
Oral celecoxib (COX-2 inhibitor) vs Placebo Adverse events (reported; mild, no withdrawals) · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to… · 6 weeks Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders (2010) · Cochrane | Ta and Dionne 2004 (celecoxib) reported adverse effects. Per the review: 'All but one study (Lobo et al 2004) reported adverse effects. Most of the reported adverse effects were mild and similar to the adverse effects… | 1 study · 68 participants | Ungraded |
Oral propranolol (beta-blocker) vs Placebo Reduction in pain intensity rating · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to… · 1 week per period (cross-over) Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders (2010) · Cochrane | Tchivileva et al 2010: Reduction in pain intensity rating (primary outcome) comparing propranolol treatment to placebo treatment did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.104); pairwise differences between… | 1 study · 40 participants | Ungraded |
Oral clonazepam (benzodiazepine) vs Placebo Adverse events (withdrawals due to adverse effects) · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to… · 60 days Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders (2010) · Cochrane | One participant in the clonazepam group withdrew from the study by Harkins et al 1991 due to severe headache. | 1 study · 20 participants | Ungraded |
Oral glucosamine hydrochloride/chondroitin sulphate vs Placebo Pain intensity (VAS) · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to… · 3 months Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders (2010) · Cochrane | MD -0.70 [-2.16, 0.76] | 1 study · 45 participants | Ungraded |
Oral diclofenac sodium (NSAID) vs Placebo Severe or very severe symptoms · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to… · 2 weeks Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders (2010) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.42, 1.84] | 1 study · 32 participants | Ungraded |
Topical capsaicin (0.025% cream) vs Placebo Present pain of TMD (VAS) · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to… · 4 weeks Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders (2010) · Cochrane | MD -0.61 [-2.45, 1.23] | 1 study · 30 participants | Ungraded |
Oral diazepam (benzodiazepine) vs Placebo Number of participants with severe dysfunction (pain of TMD not improved) · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to… · 15 days Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders (2010) · Cochrane | RR 0.67 [0.27, 1.66] | 1 study · 41 participants | Ungraded |
Oral piroxicam (NSAID) vs Placebo Adverse events (reported; mild, no withdrawals) · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to… · 15 days Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders (2010) · Cochrane | Roldan et al 1990 (piroxicam) reported adverse effects. Per the review's Adverse effects of interventions section: 'All but one study (Lobo et al 2004) reported adverse effects. Most of the reported adverse effects… | 1 study · 41 participants | Ungraded |
Orthodontic treatment with appliances inducing stable, permanent orthodontic tooth movement (splints worn 8 to 12 weeks and surgical interventions excluded) vs Control: no treatment, placebo, or reassurance Development of TMD (onset/incidence of signs and symptoms) · People without TMD at baseline undergoing orthodontic treatment (TMD clinically absent at baseline); no age… · Follow-up period extended into adulthood Orthodontics for treating temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
Oral prazepam (benzodiazepine) vs Placebo Adverse events (reported; mild, no withdrawals) · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to… · 8 days Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders (2010) · Cochrane | Rossi et al 1983 (prazepam) reported adverse effects. Per the review's Adverse effects of interventions section: 'All but one study (Lobo et al 2004) reported adverse effects. Most of the reported adverse effects were… | 1 study · 83 participants | Ungraded |
Orthodontic treatment with appliances inducing stable, permanent orthodontic tooth movement (splints worn 8 to 12 weeks and surgical interventions excluded) vs Control: no treatment, placebo, or reassurance Overall symptoms, pain and headache (relief from symptoms assessed by global measures) · Adults aged 18 years or older with clinically diagnosed TMD (exhibiting two or more of the listed signs and/or symptoms) · At least 6 months after the intervention Orthodontics for treating temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
Oral diclofenac sodium (NSAID) vs Placebo Daily pain (not improved) · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to… · 2 weeks Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders (2010) · Cochrane | RR 0.71 [0.49, 1.04] | 1 study · 32 participants | Ungraded |