Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

79 questions · 86 findings · 23 reviews · Back and Neck

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No studies found 7 · 8.1%GRADE not reported 0 · 0%Very low 14 · 16.3%Low 33 · 38.4%Moderate 31 · 36%High 1 · 1.2%

Intervention not reported

Pain Intensity: Short term · Patients with unknown duration of mechanical neck pain

1 finding from 1 review

Massage for mechanical neck disorders 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 180 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Pain Intensity: short‐term · Patients with subacute/chronic mechanical neck pain

1 finding from 1 review

Massage for mechanical neck disorders 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 108 participants
Low

Summary of findings: Behavioural treatments vs waiting list control

Pain intensity VAS (0 to 100; 0 = no pain, 100 = worst pain) · adults with chronic low‐back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Behavioural treatment for chronic low‐back pain 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 74 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Pain intensity various scales long‐term · adults with chronic low‐back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Behavioural treatment for chronic low‐back pain 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 48 participants
Very low

Summary of findings: Behavioural treatments vs other treatments

Pain intensity VAS (0 to 100; 0 = no pain, 100 = worst pain) · adults with chronic low‐back pain

2 findings from 1 review

Behavioural treatment for chronic low‐back pain 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 330 participants
Moderate
Behavioural treatment for chronic low‐back pain 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 319 participants
Moderate

Summary of findings: Behavioural treatments vs other treatments

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · adults with chronic low‐back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Behavioural treatment for chronic low‐back pain 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 146 participants
Low

Summary of findings: Behavioural treatments vs other treatments

Pain: intermediate‐term · adults with chronic low‐back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Behavioural treatment for chronic low‐back pain 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 137 participants
Moderate

Summary of findings: Behavioural treatments vs other treatments

Pain intensity, long‐term · adults with chronic low‐back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Behavioural treatment for chronic low‐back pain 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 136 participants
Moderate

Summary of findings: Behavioural treatments + other treatments vs other treatments alone

Pain intensity various scales short‐term · adults with chronic low‐back pain

2 findings from 1 review

Behavioural treatment for chronic low‐back pain 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 59 participants
Low
Behavioural treatment for chronic low‐back pain 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 405 participants
Moderate

Summary of findings: Behavioural treatments + other treatments vs other treatments alone

Pain: intermediate‐term · adults with chronic low‐back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Behavioural treatment for chronic low‐back pain 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 45 participants
Low

Summary of findings: Behavioural treatments vs waiting list control

Pain intensity various scales short‐term · adults with chronic low‐back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Behavioural treatment for chronic low‐back pain 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 64 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Pain intensity various scales short‐term · adults with chronic low‐back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Behavioural treatment for chronic low‐back pain 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 93 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Pain intensity various scales intermediate‐term · adults with chronic low‐back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Behavioural treatment for chronic low‐back pain 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 82 participants
Moderate

bed rest vs advice to stay active

Pain intensity various scales short‐term · Patients with acute low‐back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Advice to rest in bed versus advice to stay active for acute low‐back pain and sciatica 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 480 participants
Low

bed rest vs advice to stay active

Pain intensity, long‐term · Patients with acute low‐back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Advice to rest in bed versus advice to stay active for acute low‐back pain and sciatica 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 393 participants
Moderate

bed rest vs advice to stay active

Pain intensity various scales short‐term · patients with sciatica

1 finding from 1 review

Advice to rest in bed versus advice to stay active for acute low‐back pain and sciatica 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 346 participants
Moderate

bed rest vs advice to stay active

Pain intensity, long‐term · patients with sciatica

1 finding from 1 review

Advice to rest in bed versus advice to stay active for acute low‐back pain and sciatica 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 330 participants
Moderate

Back School vs short‐wave diathermy at the lowest intensity

Pain (short‐term) Pain index1. Scale from: 0 to 70. · participants with acute or subacute low‐back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Back schools for acute and subacute non‐specific low‐back pain 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 29 participants
Very low

Back School vs short‐wave diathermy at the lowest intensity

Duration of sick‐leave Sick‐leave > 21 days · participants with acute or subacute low‐back pain

It is very uncertain whether back school changes duration of sick‐leave Sick‐leave > 21 days compared with short‐wave diathermy at the lowest intensity (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Back schools for acute and subacute non‐specific low‐back pain 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.53 [0.35, 0.8]
1 study · 121 participants
Very low