Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

147 questions · 171 findings · 15 reviews · Periodontology

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No studies found 13 · 7.6%GRADE not reported 103 · 60.2%Very low 29 · 17%Low 14 · 8.2%Moderate 6 · 3.5%High 6 · 3.5%

Oral irrigation plus toothbrushing vs Flossing plus toothbrushing

Interproximal caries · Adults, 16 years and older (dentate)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Home use of interdental cleaning devices, in addition to toothbrushing, for preventing and controlling periodontal… 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
No included study assessed caries as an outcome.
0 studies
No studies found

Oral irrigation plus toothbrushing vs Flossing plus toothbrushing

Side effects · Adults, 16 years and older (dentate)

1 finding from 1 review

Home use of interdental cleaning devices, in addition to toothbrushing, for preventing and controlling periodontal… 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
Both studies reported that there were no adverse events in either study group.
2 studies
GRADE not reported

Periodontal treatment (scaling and root planing, polishing, or surgery), alone or with oral hygiene counselling, antiseptics, or antimicrobials vs no treatment

Gestational age (preterm birth < 37 weeks) · Pregnant women considered to have periodontal disease (gingivitis or periodontitis) after dental examination

Periodontal treatment (scaling and root planing, polishing, or… showed no clear difference in gestational age (preterm birth < 37 weeks) compared with no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Treating periodontal disease for preventing adverse birth outcomes in pregnant women 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes
RR 0.87 [0.70, 1.10]
11 studies · 5671 participants
Low

Periodontal treatment (scaling and root planing, polishing, or surgery), alone or with oral hygiene counselling, antiseptics, or antimicrobials vs no treatment

Preterm birth < 35 weeks · Pregnant women considered to have periodontal disease (gingivitis or periodontitis) after dental examination

It is very uncertain whether periodontal treatment (scaling and root planing, polishing, or… changes preterm birth < 35 weeks compared with no treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Treating periodontal disease for preventing adverse birth outcomes in pregnant women 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes
RR 1.19 [0.81, 1.76]
2 studies · 2557 participants
Very low

Periodontal treatment (scaling and root planing, polishing, or surgery), alone or with oral hygiene counselling, antiseptics, or antimicrobials vs no treatment

Gestational age at birth (weeks) · Pregnant women considered to have periodontal disease (gingivitis or periodontitis) after dental examination

1 finding from 1 review

Treating periodontal disease for preventing adverse birth outcomes in pregnant women 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes
Six studies (2573 participants) reported mean gestational age in weeks; data not pooled due to skewness; mean difference ranged between -0.1 and 1.4 weeks. Two studies reported gestational age as time-to-event data…
6 studies · 2573 participants
GRADE not reported

Periodontal treatment (scaling and root planing, polishing, or surgery), alone or with oral hygiene counselling, antiseptics, or antimicrobials vs no treatment

Adverse effects of therapy · Pregnant women considered to have periodontal disease (gingivitis or periodontitis) after dental examination

1 finding from 1 review

Treating periodontal disease for preventing adverse birth outcomes in pregnant women 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes
0% in both groups; Not estimated; 2389 participants (4 RCTs)
4 studies · 2389 participants
GRADE not reported

Periodontal treatment (scaling and root planing, polishing, or surgery), alone or with oral hygiene counselling, antiseptics, or antimicrobials vs no treatment

Preterm birth < 32 weeks · Pregnant women considered to have periodontal disease (gingivitis or periodontitis) after dental examination

It is very uncertain whether periodontal treatment (scaling and root planing, polishing, or… changes preterm birth < 32 weeks compared with no treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Treating periodontal disease for preventing adverse birth outcomes in pregnant women 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes
RR 1.35 [0.78, 2.32]
3 studies · 2755 participants
Very low

Periodontal treatment (scaling and root planing, polishing, or surgery), alone or with oral hygiene counselling, antiseptics, or antimicrobials vs no treatment

Low birth weight < 1500 g · Pregnant women considered to have periodontal disease (gingivitis or periodontitis) after dental examination

It is very uncertain whether periodontal treatment (scaling and root planing, polishing, or… changes low birth weight < 1500 g compared with no treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Treating periodontal disease for preventing adverse birth outcomes in pregnant women 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes
RR 0.80 [0.38, 1.70]
2 studies · 2550 participants
Very low

Periodontal treatment (scaling and root planing, polishing, or surgery), alone or with oral hygiene counselling, antiseptics, or antimicrobials vs no treatment

Severe pre-eclampsia (progression from mild pre-eclampsia) · Pregnant women considered to have periodontal disease (gingivitis or periodontitis) after dental examination

It is very uncertain whether periodontal treatment (scaling and root planing, polishing, or… changes severe pre-eclampsia (progression from mild pre-eclampsia) compared with no treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Treating periodontal disease for preventing adverse birth outcomes in pregnant women 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes
RR 1.21 [0.77, 1.92]
1 study · 60 participants
Very low

Periodontal treatment (scaling and root planing, polishing, or surgery), alone or with oral hygiene counselling, antiseptics, or antimicrobials vs no treatment

Mean birth weight · Pregnant women considered to have periodontal disease (gingivitis or periodontitis) after dental examination

1 finding from 1 review

Treating periodontal disease for preventing adverse birth outcomes in pregnant women 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes
Eight studies (5120 participants) reported birth weight in grams; data not pooled due to skewness; mean difference ranged between -52.8 and 476.6 grams.
8 studies · 5120 participants
GRADE not reported

Periodontal treatment (scaling and root planing, polishing, or surgery), alone or with oral hygiene counselling, antiseptics, or antimicrobials vs no treatment

Percentage of bleeding on probing (BOP) · Pregnant women considered to have periodontal disease (gingivitis or periodontitis) after dental examination

1 finding from 1 review

Treating periodontal disease for preventing adverse birth outcomes in pregnant women 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes
Reported as a secondary periodontal outcome (Analysis 1.9); results not meta-analysed due to considerable heterogeneity (I2 91% to 100%); reduction in favour of periodontal treatment.
6 studies
GRADE not reported

Periodontal treatment (scaling and root planing, polishing, or surgery), alone or with oral hygiene counselling, antiseptics, or antimicrobials vs no treatment

Perinatal mortality · Pregnant women considered to have periodontal disease (gingivitis or periodontitis) after dental examination

It is very uncertain whether periodontal treatment (scaling and root planing, polishing, or… changes perinatal mortality (including fetal and neonatal deaths up to the… compared with no treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Treating periodontal disease for preventing adverse birth outcomes in pregnant women 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes
RR 0.85 [0.51, 1.43]
7 studies · 5320 participants
Very low

Periodontal treatment (scaling and root planing, polishing, or surgery), alone or with oral hygiene counselling, antiseptics, or antimicrobials vs no treatment

Attachment change · Pregnant women considered to have periodontal disease (gingivitis or periodontitis) after dental examination

1 finding from 1 review

Treating periodontal disease for preventing adverse birth outcomes in pregnant women 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes
Reported as a secondary periodontal outcome (Analysis 1.7); results not meta-analysed due to considerable heterogeneity (I2 91% to 100%); reduction in favour of periodontal treatment.
4 studies
GRADE not reported

Periodontal treatment (scaling and root planing, polishing, or surgery), alone or with oral hygiene counselling, antiseptics, or antimicrobials vs no treatment

Change in probing pocket depth (PPD) · Pregnant women considered to have periodontal disease (gingivitis or periodontitis) after dental examination

1 finding from 1 review

Treating periodontal disease for preventing adverse birth outcomes in pregnant women 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes
Reported as a secondary periodontal outcome (Analysis 1.6); results not meta-analysed due to considerable heterogeneity (I2 91% to 100%); reduction in favour of periodontal treatment.
4 studies
GRADE not reported

Periodontal treatment (scaling and root planing, polishing, or surgery), alone or with oral hygiene counselling, antiseptics, or antimicrobials vs no treatment

Small‐for‐gestational age · Pregnant women considered to have periodontal disease (gingivitis or periodontitis) after dental examination

Periodontal treatment (scaling and root planing, polishing, or… showed no clear difference in small for gestational age compared with no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Treating periodontal disease for preventing adverse birth outcomes in pregnant women 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes
RR 0.97 [0.81, 1.16]
3 studies · 3610 participants
Low

Periodontal treatment (scaling and root planing, polishing, or surgery), alone or with oral hygiene counselling, antiseptics, or antimicrobials vs no treatment

Low birth weight (< 2.5 kg) · Pregnant women considered to have periodontal disease (gingivitis or periodontitis) after dental examination

Periodontal treatment (scaling and root planing, polishing, or… may leads to lower birth weight (low birth weight < 2500 g) compared with no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Treating periodontal disease for preventing adverse birth outcomes in pregnant women 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes
RR 0.67 [0.48, 0.95]
7 studies · 3470 participants
Low

Periodontal treatment (scaling and root planing, polishing, or surgery), alone or with oral hygiene counselling, antiseptics, or antimicrobials vs no treatment

Maternal death · Pregnant women considered to have periodontal disease (gingivitis or periodontitis) after dental examination

1 finding from 1 review

Treating periodontal disease for preventing adverse birth outcomes in pregnant women 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes
0% in both groups; Not estimated; 2134 participants (4 RCTs)
4 studies · 2134 participants
GRADE not reported

Periodontal treatment (scaling and root planing, polishing, or surgery), alone or with oral hygiene counselling, antiseptics, or antimicrobials vs no treatment

Plaque index (PI) / oral hygiene · Pregnant women considered to have periodontal disease (gingivitis or periodontitis) after dental examination

1 finding from 1 review

Treating periodontal disease for preventing adverse birth outcomes in pregnant women 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes
Reported as a secondary periodontal outcome (Analysis 1.8); results not meta-analysed due to considerable heterogeneity (I2 91% to 100%); reduction in favour of periodontal treatment.
2 studies
GRADE not reported

Periodontal treatment (scaling and root planing, polishing, or surgery), alone or with oral hygiene counselling, antiseptics, or antimicrobials vs no treatment

Pre‐eclampsia · Pregnant women considered to have periodontal disease (gingivitis or periodontitis) after dental examination

It is very uncertain whether periodontal treatment (scaling and root planing, polishing, or… changes pre-eclampsia compared with no treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Treating periodontal disease for preventing adverse birth outcomes in pregnant women 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes
RR 1.10 [0.74, 1.62]
3 studies · 2946 participants
Very low

Periodontal treatment (subgingival instrumentation, with or without antimicrobials/surgery) vs usual care or no treatment

Plaque index (PI) / oral hygiene · People with diabetes mellitus (type 1 or type 2, mostly type 2) and periodontitis, at least 16 years of age

Periodontal treatment (subgingival instrumentation, with or without… led to lower plaque index (PI) / oral hygiene compared with no active intervention/usual care; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Treatment of periodontitis for glycaemic control in people with diabetes mellitus 2022 · Cochrane All outcomes
3-4 months
SMD -2.05 [-2.57, -1.53]
18 studies
GRADE not reported