Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

143 questions · 143 findings · 6 reviews · Incontinence

No studies found 50 · 35%GRADE not reported 22 · 15.4%Very low 33 · 23.1%Low 32 · 22.4%Moderate 6 · 4.2%High 0 · 0%

PFMT added to electrical stimulation vs electrical stimulation alone (excluding implanted electrodes)

Number of women reporting incontinence at 1 year or more after treatment (subjective) ‐ not reported · women with urinary incontinence

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

PFMT added to electrical stimulation vs electrical stimulation alone (excluding implanted electrodes)

General health status evaluation e.g. Short Form (SF)‐36 ‐ not reported · women with urinary incontinence

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

PFMT added to electrical stimulation vs electrical stimulation alone (excluding implanted electrodes)

Number of women requiring further treatment such as surgery, drugs, mechanical devices (relapse) ‐ not reported · women with urinary incontinence

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

PFMT added to electrical stimulation vs pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT)

Cure: number of women with self‐reported continence · women with stress urinary incontinence

Electrical stimulation plus PFMT showed no clear difference in cure: number of women with self‐reported continence compared with PFMT (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

PFMT added to electrical stimulation vs pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT)

Improvement: number of women with self‐reported improvement in SUI (cured or improved) · women with stress urinary incontinence

Electrical stimulation plus PFMT showed no clear difference in improvement: number of women with self‐reported improvement in SUI… compared with PFMT (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Electrical stimulation plus surgery vs surgery

Cure: number of women with self‐reported continence · women with stress urinary incontinence

It is very uncertain whether electrical stimulation plus surgery changes cure: number of women with self‐reported continence compared with surgery (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Electrical stimulation plus surgery vs surgery

Improvement: number of women with self‐reported improvement in SUI (cured or improved) · women with stress urinary incontinence

It is very uncertain whether electrical stimulation plus surgery changes improvement: number of women with self‐reported improvement in SUI… compared with surgery (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Electrical stimulation (ES) once a week vs ES three times a week

Participants cured or improved · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB)

It is very uncertain whether electrical stimulation (ES) once a week changes participants cured or improved ( compared with ES three times a week (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Electrical stimulation (ES) once a week vs ES three times a week

Participants with improvement in urgency urinary incontinence · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB)

It is very uncertain whether electrical stimulation (ES) once a week changes participants with improvement in urgency urinary incontinence ( compared with ES three times a week (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review