Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

125 questions · 133 findings · 17 reviews

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No studies found 23 · 17.3%GRADE not reported 14 · 10.5%Very low 28 · 21.1%Low 57 · 42.9%Moderate 11 · 8.3%High 0 · 0%

Music therapy vs placebo or usual care

Social interaction · Individuals with autism spectrum disorder

1 finding from 1 review

Music therapy for autistic people 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
12 studies · 603 participants
Low

Music therapy vs placebo or usual care

Non‐verbal communication · Individuals with autism spectrum disorder

1 finding from 1 review

Music therapy for autistic people 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
7 studies · 192 participants
Low

Music therapy vs placebo or usual care

Verbal communication · Individuals with autism spectrum disorder

1 finding from 1 review

Music therapy for autistic people 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
8 studies · 276 participants
Very low

Music therapy vs placebo or usual care

Quality of life · Individuals with autism spectrum disorder

1 finding from 1 review

Music therapy for autistic people 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 340 participants
Moderate

Music therapy vs placebo or usual care

Adverse events Any serious or non‐serious adverse event · Individuals with autism spectrum disorder

Music therapy showed no clear difference in adverse events Any serious or non‐serious adverse event compared with placebo therapy or standard care (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Music therapy for autistic people 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.52 [0.39, 5.94]
2 studies · 326 participants
Moderate

Donepezil vs placebo

Repetitive and restricted behaviour (Sensory Motor subscale of RLRS; raw score means; lower = better) · children and adolescents with a diagnosis of autism

1 finding from 1 review

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for autistic spectrum disorders 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 34 participants
Very low

Donepezil vs placebo

Side effects or other adverse events · children and adolescents with a diagnosis of autism

1 finding from 1 review

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for autistic spectrum disorders 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 34 participants
Very low

Donepezil vs placebo

Hyperactivity (Child Behaviour Checklist Attention problems Subscale; lower = better) · children and adolescents with a diagnosis of autism

1 finding from 1 review

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for autistic spectrum disorders 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 34 participants
Very low

Donepezil vs placebo

General health and function (Severity of Illness subscale of Clinical Global Impression Scale; lower = better) · children and adolescents with a diagnosis of autism

1 finding from 1 review

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for autistic spectrum disorders 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 34 participants
Very low

Donepezil vs placebo

Social communication (Social Relationships subscale of RLRS; raw score means; lower = better) · children and adolescents with a diagnosis of autism

1 finding from 1 review

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for autistic spectrum disorders 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 34 participants
Very low

Atypical antipsychotics vs placebo

Irritability · participants (any age) with a clinical diagnosis of ASD who have displayed one or more unwanted or challenging behaviours at baseline…

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological intervention for irritability, aggression, and self‐injury in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
12 studies · 973 participants
Moderate

Antidepressants vs placebo

Irritability · participants (any age) with a clinical diagnosis of ASD who have displayed one or more unwanted or challenging behaviours at baseline…

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological intervention for irritability, aggression, and self‐injury in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 267 participants
Low

Antidepressants vs placebo

Aggression · participants (any age) with a clinical diagnosis of ASD who have displayed one or more unwanted or challenging behaviours at baseline…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological intervention for irritability, aggression, and self‐injury in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Antidepressants vs placebo

Adverse effects · participants (any age) with a clinical diagnosis of ASD who have displayed one or more unwanted or challenging behaviours at baseline…

Antidepressants may leads to higher adverse effects compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological intervention for irritability, aggression, and self‐injury in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 4.16
10 studies · 815 participants
Low

Atypical antipsychotics vs placebo

Aggression · participants (any age) with a clinical diagnosis of ASD who have displayed one or more unwanted or challenging behaviours at baseline…

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological intervention for irritability, aggression, and self‐injury in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 77 participants
Very low

Atypical antipsychotics vs placebo

Self‐injury · participants (any age) with a clinical diagnosis of ASD who have displayed one or more unwanted or challenging behaviours at baseline…

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological intervention for irritability, aggression, and self‐injury in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 30 participants
Low

Atypical antipsychotics vs placebo

Adverse effects (AEs) · participants (any age) with a clinical diagnosis of ASD who have displayed one or more unwanted or challenging behaviours at baseline…

Atypical antipsychotics may leads to higher adverse effects (AEs) compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological intervention for irritability, aggression, and self‐injury in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 4.19
11 studies · 974 participants
Low

Neurohormones vs placebo

Irritability · participants (any age) with a clinical diagnosis of ASD who have displayed one or more unwanted or challenging behaviours at baseline…

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological intervention for irritability, aggression, and self‐injury in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
8 studies · 466 participants
Very low

Neurohormones vs placebo

Aggression · participants (any age) with a clinical diagnosis of ASD who have displayed one or more unwanted or challenging behaviours at baseline…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological intervention for irritability, aggression, and self‐injury in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Neurohormones vs placebo

Self‐injury · participants (any age) with a clinical diagnosis of ASD who have displayed one or more unwanted or challenging behaviours at baseline…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological intervention for irritability, aggression, and self‐injury in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found