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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,886 questions in 74 reviews · Skin
current versionsNo studies 542 · 28.7%Ungraded 130 · 6.9%Very low 326 · 17.3%Low 434 · 23%Moderate 348 · 18.5%High 106 · 5.6%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
CHM vs placebo Adverse events (Analysis 1.7) Participant's report · Participants with atopic eczema Chinese herbal medicine for atopic eczema (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.71 [0.06, 8.67] | 2 studies · 129 participants | Low |
CHM vs drugs Total effectiveness rate (Analysis 2.1) Clinician's rating · Participants with atopic eczema Chinese herbal medicine for atopic eczema (2013) · Cochrane | RR 1.43 [1.27, 1.61] | 21 studies · 1868 participants | Very low |
CHM vs drugs Total effectiveness rate with subgroup analysis ‐ individualised treatment Clinician's rating · Participants with atopic eczema Chinese herbal medicine for atopic eczema (2013) · Cochrane | RR 1.5 [1.3, 1.74] | 7 studies · 567 participants | Low |
CHM vs drugs Total effectiveness rate with subgroup analysis ‐ non‐individualised treatment Clinician's rating · Participants with atopic eczema Chinese herbal medicine for atopic eczema (2013) · Cochrane | RR 1.37 [1.17, 1.6] | 14 studies · 1301 participants | Very low |
CHM vs drugs Itching VAS (Analysis 2.3) Participant's rating. Scale from 0 to 10 · Participants with atopic eczema Chinese herbal medicine for atopic eczema (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 465 participants | Low |
Intervention NR First recurrence · high‐risk melanoma participants Interferon alpha for the adjuvant treatment of cutaneous melanoma (2013) · Cochrane | HR 0.83 [0.78, 0.87] | 17 studies · 10345 participants | High |
Intervention NR Death · high‐risk melanoma participants Interferon alpha for the adjuvant treatment of cutaneous melanoma (2013) · Cochrane | HR 0.91 [0.85, 0.97] | 15 studies · 9927 participants | High |
NB‐UVB vs oral PUVA Participant‐rated global improvement · People with chronic plaque psoriasis Narrow‐band ultraviolet B phototherapy versus broad‐band ultraviolet B or psoralen‐ultraviolet A… (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
NB‐UVB vs topical PUVA Percentage of participants reaching PASI 75 · People with palmoplantar psoriasis Narrow‐band ultraviolet B phototherapy versus broad‐band ultraviolet B or psoralen‐ultraviolet A… (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
NB‐UVB vs topical PUVA Withdrawal due to side‐effects · People with palmoplantar psoriasis Narrow‐band ultraviolet B phototherapy versus broad‐band ultraviolet B or psoralen‐ultraviolet A… (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
NB‐UVB vs topical PUVA Clearance rate · People with palmoplantar psoriasis Narrow‐band ultraviolet B phototherapy versus broad‐band ultraviolet B or psoralen‐ultraviolet A… (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.09 [0.01, 1.56] | 1 study · 50 participants | Low |
NB‐UVB plus retinoid vs PUVA plus retinoid Participant‐rated global improvement · People with chronic plaque or guttate psoriasis Narrow‐band ultraviolet B phototherapy versus broad‐band ultraviolet B or psoralen‐ultraviolet A… (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
NB‐UVB plus retinoid vs PUVA plus retinoid Percentage of participants reaching PASI 75 · People with chronic plaque or guttate psoriasis Narrow‐band ultraviolet B phototherapy versus broad‐band ultraviolet B or psoralen‐ultraviolet A… (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 [0.59, 1.35] | 1 study · 60 participants | Low |
NB‐UVB plus retinoid vs PUVA plus retinoid Withdrawal due to side‐effects · People with chronic plaque or guttate psoriasis Narrow‐band ultraviolet B phototherapy versus broad‐band ultraviolet B or psoralen‐ultraviolet A… (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
NB‐UVB plus retinoid vs PUVA plus retinoid Clearance rate · People with chronic plaque or guttate psoriasis Narrow‐band ultraviolet B phototherapy versus broad‐band ultraviolet B or psoralen‐ultraviolet A… (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.79, 1.1] | 2 studies · 90 participants | Low |
NB‐UVB vs selective BB‐UVB Participant‐rated global improvement · People with chronic plaque psoriasis Narrow‐band ultraviolet B phototherapy versus broad‐band ultraviolet B or psoralen‐ultraviolet A… (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
NB‐UVB vs selective BB‐UVB Percentage of participants reaching PASI 75 · People with chronic plaque psoriasis Narrow‐band ultraviolet B phototherapy versus broad‐band ultraviolet B or psoralen‐ultraviolet A… (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
NB‐UVB vs selective BB‐UVB Withdrawal due to side‐effects · People with chronic plaque psoriasis Narrow‐band ultraviolet B phototherapy versus broad‐band ultraviolet B or psoralen‐ultraviolet A… (2013) · Cochrane | RR 3 [0.32, 27.87] | 1 study · 100 participants | Low |
NB‐UVB vs oral PUVA Percentage of participants reaching PASI 75 · People with chronic plaque psoriasis Narrow‐band ultraviolet B phototherapy versus broad‐band ultraviolet B or psoralen‐ultraviolet A… (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.91 [0.63, 1.32] | 1 study · 51 participants | Low |
NB‐UVB vs selective BB‐UVB Clearance rate · People with chronic plaque psoriasis Narrow‐band ultraviolet B phototherapy versus broad‐band ultraviolet B or psoralen‐ultraviolet A… (2013) · Cochrane | RR 1.4 [0.92, 2.13] | 1 study · 100 participants | Low |
NB‐UVB vs oral PUVA Withdrawal due to side‐effects · People with chronic plaque psoriasis Narrow‐band ultraviolet B phototherapy versus broad‐band ultraviolet B or psoralen‐ultraviolet A… (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.71 [0.2, 2.54] | 3 studies · 247 participants | Low |
NB‐UVB vs oral PUVA Clearance rate · People with chronic plaque psoriasis Narrow‐band ultraviolet B phototherapy versus broad‐band ultraviolet B or psoralen‐ultraviolet A… (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
NB‐UVB vs bath PUVA Participant‐rated global improvement · People with chronic plaque psoriasis Narrow‐band ultraviolet B phototherapy versus broad‐band ultraviolet B or psoralen‐ultraviolet A… (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
NB‐UVB vs bath PUVA Percentage of participants reaching PASI 75 · People with chronic plaque psoriasis Narrow‐band ultraviolet B phototherapy versus broad‐band ultraviolet B or psoralen‐ultraviolet A… (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
NB‐UVB vs bath PUVA Withdrawal due to side‐effects · People with chronic plaque psoriasis Narrow‐band ultraviolet B phototherapy versus broad‐band ultraviolet B or psoralen‐ultraviolet A… (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
NB‐UVB vs bath PUVA Clearance rate · People with chronic plaque psoriasis Narrow‐band ultraviolet B phototherapy versus broad‐band ultraviolet B or psoralen‐ultraviolet A… (2013) · Cochrane | RR 1.79 [0.46, 6.91] | 2 studies · 92 participants | Low |
NB‐UVB vs topical PUVA Participant‐rated global improvement · People with palmoplantar psoriasis Narrow‐band ultraviolet B phototherapy versus broad‐band ultraviolet B or psoralen‐ultraviolet A… (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Topical tacrolimus 0.1% ointment vs Topical clobetasol propionate 0.05% ointment Pain reduction (VAS 0-10) · People with erosive oral lichen planus Interventions for erosive lichen planus affecting mucosal sites (2012) · Cochrane | MD -0.64 [-1.91, 0.63] | 1 study · 29 participants | Ungraded |
0.1% triamcinolone acetonide in orabase vs Ciclosporin solution Physician Global Assessment (Thongprasom score) · People with erosive oral lichen planus Interventions for erosive lichen planus affecting mucosal sites (2012) · Cochrane | MD 0.61 [-0.79, 2.01] | 1 study · 11 participants | Ungraded |
Radix tripterygium hypoglaucum tablet (THT) vs Tripterygium glucosides tablet (TGT) Partial response (remarkably effective or effective) · People with erosive oral lichen planus · Grade I (erosive and ulcerative lesions) Interventions for erosive lichen planus affecting mucosal sites (2012) · Cochrane | RR 0.18 [0.04, 0.82] | 1 study · 94 participants | Ungraded |
Topical clobetasol propionate 0.025% vs Topical clobetasol propionate 0.05% Physician Global Assessment (Thongprasom score) · People with erosive oral lichen planus Interventions for erosive lichen planus affecting mucosal sites (2012) · Cochrane | MD 0.47 [-0.26, 1.20] | 1 study · 35 participants | Ungraded |
Fluticasone propionate spray vs Betamethasone sodium phosphate mouthwash Dermatology quality of life (OHQoL16) · People with erosive oral lichen planus Interventions for erosive lichen planus affecting mucosal sites (2012) · Cochrane | No statistical testing of the Oral Health Quality of Life index (OHQoL16) was reported in Hegarty 2002 (fluticasone mean score 0.7 versus betamethasone mean score -0.8). | 1 study · 22 participants | Ungraded |
Topical ciclosporin 1.5% gel vs Topical clobetasol propionate 0.025% gel Physician Global Assessment (Thongprasom score) · People with erosive oral lichen planus Interventions for erosive lichen planus affecting mucosal sites (2012) · Cochrane | RR 3.16 [1.00, 9.93] | 1 study · 40 participants | Ungraded |
1% pimecrolimus cream vs Placebo (vehicle cream) Physician Global Assessment (surface of erosive lesions) · People with erosive oral lichen planus Interventions for erosive lichen planus affecting mucosal sites (2012) · Cochrane | MD -0.50 [-1.39, 0.39] | 1 study · 12 participants | Ungraded |
0.1% triamcinolone acetonide in orabase vs Ciclosporin solution Pain reduction (VAS 0-100) · People with erosive oral lichen planus Interventions for erosive lichen planus affecting mucosal sites (2012) · Cochrane | MD 45.17 [8.73, 81.61] | 1 study · 11 participants | Ungraded |
Topical ciclosporin 1.5% gel vs Topical clobetasol propionate 0.025% gel Relapse rate when medications stopped · People with erosive oral lichen planus Interventions for erosive lichen planus affecting mucosal sites (2012) · Cochrane | Topical clobetasol gave less stable results than ciclosporin when therapy ended and showed a higher incidence of side-effects (Conrotto 2006, n=40). | 1 study · 40 participants | Ungraded |
Topical clobetasol propionate 0.025% vs Topical clobetasol propionate 0.05% Pain reduction (VAS) · People with erosive oral lichen planus Interventions for erosive lichen planus affecting mucosal sites (2012) · Cochrane | MD -0.26 [-1.42, 0.90] | 1 study · 30 participants | Ungraded |
1% pimecrolimus cream vs Placebo (vehicle cream) Side-effects reported · People with erosive oral lichen planus Interventions for erosive lichen planus affecting mucosal sites (2012) · Cochrane | Table 3 (Side-effects). Passeron 2007: 1% pimecrolimus well-tolerated, transient burning (2) during the first 2 weeks. Swift 2005: pimecrolimus - slight burning of the tip of the tongue after applying 1% pimecrolimus… | 3 studies · 52 participants | Ungraded |
1% pimecrolimus cream vs Placebo (vehicle cream) Physician Global Assessment (strong improvement) · People with erosive oral lichen planus Interventions for erosive lichen planus affecting mucosal sites (2012) · Cochrane | RR 7.00 [1.04, 46.95] | 1 study · 20 participants | Ungraded |
Any topical or systemic intervention vs Placebo, no treatment, or another intervention Outcome NR · People with erosive anogenital (genital) lichen planus Interventions for erosive lichen planus affecting mucosal sites (2012) · Cochrane | None of the included studies assessed the effectiveness of treatments of genital ELP; no evidence was found for genital ELP. | 0 studies | No studies |
1% pimecrolimus cream vs Placebo (vehicle cream) Participant global self-assessment · People with erosive oral lichen planus Interventions for erosive lichen planus affecting mucosal sites (2012) · Cochrane | One study (Passeron 2007) assessed participant global self-assessment on a 5-point scale: 5/6 participants in the 1% pimecrolimus group rated their improvement as moderate or important versus 1/6 in the placebo group… | 1 study · 12 participants | Ungraded |
Any topical or systemic intervention (topical/systemic steroids, ciclosporin, tacrolimus, retinoids, anti-malarials, biologics, phototherapy, surgery) vs Placebo, no treatment, another active intervention, or a different dose of the same intervention Eating a normally varied diet · People of any age with erosive lichen planus affecting the oral, anogenital, and/or oesophageal regions Interventions for erosive lichen planus affecting mucosal sites (2012) · Cochrane | No studies reported this outcome. | 0 studies | No studies |
Fluticasone propionate spray vs Betamethasone sodium phosphate mouthwash Pain reduction (VAS 0-100) · People with erosive oral lichen planus Interventions for erosive lichen planus affecting mucosal sites (2012) · Cochrane | In the Hegarty 2002 cross-over trial (n=22), no statistical testing of the pain score (VAS 0 to 100) was reported; it is not clear whether the difference is statistically significant (fluticasone mean score 19.8 versus… | 1 study · 22 participants | Ungraded |
Fluocinonide in adhesive base vs Placebo Physician Global Assessment (clinical signs, complete response) · People with erosive oral lichen planus Interventions for erosive lichen planus affecting mucosal sites (2012) · Cochrane | RR 4.67 [0.24, 88.96] | 1 study · 27 participants | Ungraded |
Betamethasone oral mini-pulse therapy vs Topical triamcinolone acetonide 0.1% paste Side-effects reported · People with erosive oral lichen planus Interventions for erosive lichen planus affecting mucosal sites (2012) · Cochrane | Table 3 (Side-effects). Malhotra 2008: betamethasone oral mini-pulse - transient oedema over the face (7), oedema over hands and feet (4), epigastric discomfort (7), weakness/fatigue (5), loose stools (1), headache… | 1 study · 22 participants | Ungraded |
Clobetasol-17-propionate 0.025% lipid-loaded microspheres vs Conventional 0.025% clobetasol lipophilic ointment in hydrophilic phase Side-effects reported · People with erosive oral lichen planus Interventions for erosive lichen planus affecting mucosal sites (2012) · Cochrane | Table 3 (Side-effects). Campisi 2004: oral candidiasis (1 in the lipid-loaded microspheres group, 2 in the conventional ointment group). None serious. | 1 study · 50 participants | Ungraded |
Topical tacrolimus 0.1% ointment vs Topical clobetasol propionate 0.05% ointment Side-effects reported · People with erosive oral lichen planus Interventions for erosive lichen planus affecting mucosal sites (2012) · Cochrane | Table 3 (Side-effects). Radfar 2008: burning sensation with topical tacrolimus; transient burning within the first 2 weeks resulted in withdrawal of therapy in 1 participant. | 1 study · 29 participants | Ungraded |
Fluticasone propionate spray vs Betamethasone sodium phosphate mouthwash Reduction in target/mean lesion size · People with erosive oral lichen planus Interventions for erosive lichen planus affecting mucosal sites (2012) · Cochrane | No statistical testing of the mean surface area of lesions was reported in Hegarty 2002 (fluticasone mean score 547.2 mm2 versus betamethasone mean score 671.9 mm2). | 1 study · 22 participants | Ungraded |
Any topical or systemic intervention (topical/systemic steroids, ciclosporin, tacrolimus, retinoids, anti-malarials, biologics, phototherapy, surgery) vs Placebo, no treatment, another active intervention, or a different dose of the same intervention Restoration of sexual activity · People of any age with erosive lichen planus affecting the oral, anogenital, and/or oesophageal regions Interventions for erosive lichen planus affecting mucosal sites (2012) · Cochrane | None of the included studies assessed the effectiveness of treatments of genital ELP; thus, this outcome was not reported. | 0 studies | No studies |
1% pimecrolimus cream vs Placebo (vehicle cream) Complete clinical response (complete clearance) · People with erosive oral lichen planus Interventions for erosive lichen planus affecting mucosal sites (2012) · Cochrane | RR 3.50 [0.95, 12.90] | 1 study · 20 participants | Ungraded |