Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

1,100 questions · 1,164 findings · 107 reviews

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No studies found 280 · 24.1%GRADE not reported 159 · 13.7%Very low 292 · 25.1%Low 274 · 23.5%Moderate 113 · 9.7%High 46 · 4%

Four‐food elimination and amino acid formula vs four‐food elimination diet

Clinical improvement (continuous) · active EoE patients

1 finding from 1 review

Medical treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 41 participants
Very low

Four‐food elimination and amino acid formula vs four‐food elimination diet

Histological improvement (dichotomous) · active EoE patients

It is very uncertain whether four‐food elimination and amino acid formula changes histological improvement at 6 weeks (dichotomous) compared with four‐food elimination diet (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Medical treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.9 [0.79, 4.6]
1 study · 41 participants
Very low

Four‐food elimination and amino acid formula vs four‐food elimination diet

Histological improvement (continuous) · active EoE patients

1 finding from 1 review

Medical treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 41 participants
Very low

Four‐food elimination and amino acid formula vs four‐food elimination diet

Endoscopic improvement (dichotomous) · active EoE patients

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Medical treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Four‐food elimination and amino acid formula vs four‐food elimination diet

Endoscopic improvement (continuous) · active EoE patients

1 finding from 1 review

Medical treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 41 participants
Very low

Four‐food elimination and amino acid formula vs four‐food elimination diet

Withdrawals due to adverse events · active EoE patients

It is very uncertain whether four‐food elimination and amino acid formula changes withdrawals due to adverse events at 6 weeks compared with four‐food elimination diet (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Medical treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.95 [0.06, 14.22]
1 study · 41 participants
Very low

Fluoride-containing dental care products (mainly fluoride toothpaste) vs Dietary fluoride sources (drinking water, beverages, food)

Contribution of dental care products to total daily fluoride intake (TDFI), by tap-water fluoride level · Children using fluoride-containing dental care products (majority of included studies)

In children in low-fluoridated tap water areas, dental care products contributed on average 39% of total fluoride exposure (ungraded).

5 findings from 1 review

Fluoride Intake Through Dental Care Products: A Systematic Review. 2022 All outcomes
Habitual daily intake · Multiple countries (28 studies; ~43% conducted in Brazil); community/general-population settings · Low-fluoridated tap water (0.3-0.51 mg/L)
Mean contribution to TDFI (%) 39
7 studies
GRADE not reported
Fluoride Intake Through Dental Care Products: A Systematic Review. 2022 All outcomes
Habitual daily intake · Multiple countries (28 studies; ~43% conducted in Brazil); community/general-population settings · High-fluoridated tap water (0.78-1.5 mg/L)
Mean contribution to TDFI (%) 41
8 studies
GRADE not reported
Fluoride Intake Through Dental Care Products: A Systematic Review. 2022 All outcomes
Habitual daily intake · Multiple countries (28 studies; ~43% conducted in Brazil); community/general-population settings · Medium-fluoridated tap water (0.52-0.77 mg/L)
Mean contribution to TDFI (%) 51
14 studies
GRADE not reported

Show 2 more findings

Fluoride Intake Through Dental Care Products: A Systematic Review. 2022 All outcomes
Habitual daily intake · Multiple countries (28 studies; ~43% conducted in Brazil); community/general-population settings · Extreme-fluoridated tap water (>1.5 mg/L)
Mean contribution to TDFI (%) 3
2 studies
GRADE not reported
Fluoride Intake Through Dental Care Products: A Systematic Review. 2022 All outcomes
Habitual daily intake · Multiple countries (28 studies; ~43% conducted in Brazil); community/general-population settings · Poor-fluoridated tap water (<0.3 mg/L)
Mean contribution to TDFI (%) 45
10 studies
GRADE not reported

Fluoride-containing dental care products (mainly fluoride toothpaste) vs Dietary fluoride sources (drinking water, beverages, food)

Contribution of dental care products to total daily fluoride intake (TDFI), by tap-water fluoride level · Adults using fluoride-containing dental care products (two included studies [28,47]; aged 20-35)

In adults in poor-fluoridated tap water areas, dental care products contributed on average 12% of total fluoride exposure (ungraded; 1-2 studies).

3 findings from 1 review

Fluoride Intake Through Dental Care Products: A Systematic Review. 2022 All outcomes
Habitual daily intake · Multiple countries (28 studies; ~43% conducted in Brazil); community/general-population settings · Poor-fluoridated tap water (<0.3 mg/L)
Mean contribution to TDFI (%) 12
1 study
GRADE not reported
Fluoride Intake Through Dental Care Products: A Systematic Review. 2022 All outcomes
Habitual daily intake · Multiple countries (28 studies; ~43% conducted in Brazil); community/general-population settings · Medium-fluoridated tap water (0.52-0.77 mg/L)
Mean contribution to TDFI (%) 53
1 study
GRADE not reported
Fluoride Intake Through Dental Care Products: A Systematic Review. 2022 All outcomes
Habitual daily intake · Multiple countries (28 studies; ~43% conducted in Brazil); community/general-population settings · Low-fluoridated tap water (0.3-0.51 mg/L)
Mean contribution to TDFI (%) 95
1 study
GRADE not reported

Fluoride-containing dental care products (mainly fluoride toothpaste) vs Dietary fluoride sources in extremely fluoridated areas

Contribution to total daily fluoride intake · adults

For adults in extremely fluoridated areas, the mean contribution was 3%.

1 finding from 1 review

Fluoride Intake Through Dental Care Products: A Systematic Review. 2022 All outcomes
Multiple countries · Extreme fluoride in water (>1.5 mg/L)
Mean percentage contribution 3
1 study
GRADE not reported

Fluoride-containing dental care products (mainly fluoride toothpaste) vs Dietary fluoride sources in low-fluoridated areas

Contribution to total daily fluoride intake · children

For children in low-fluoridated areas, the mean contribution was 39% (SD 24%).

1 finding from 1 review

Fluoride Intake Through Dental Care Products: A Systematic Review. 2022 All outcomes
Multiple countries · Low fluoride in water (0.3-0.51 mg/L)
Mean percentage contribution 39
7 studies
GRADE not reported

Fluoride-containing dental care products (mainly fluoride toothpaste) vs Dietary fluoride sources in extremely fluoridated areas

Contribution to total daily fluoride intake · children

For children in extremely fluoridated areas, the mean contribution was 3% (SD 2%).

1 finding from 1 review

Fluoride Intake Through Dental Care Products: A Systematic Review. 2022 All outcomes
Multiple countries · Extreme fluoride in water (>1.5 mg/L)
Mean percentage contribution 3
2 studies
GRADE not reported

Fluoride-containing dental care products (mainly fluoride toothpaste) vs Dietary fluoride sources in high-fluoridated areas

Contribution to total daily fluoride intake · children

For children in high-fluoridated areas, the mean contribution was 41% (SD 24%).

1 finding from 1 review

Fluoride Intake Through Dental Care Products: A Systematic Review. 2022 All outcomes
Multiple countries · High fluoride in water (0.78-1.5 mg/L)
Mean percentage contribution 41
8 studies
GRADE not reported

Fluoride-containing dental care products (mainly fluoride toothpaste) vs Dietary fluoride sources in low-fluoridated areas

Contribution to total daily fluoride intake · adults

For adults in low-fluoridated areas, the mean contribution was 95%.

1 finding from 1 review

Fluoride Intake Through Dental Care Products: A Systematic Review. 2022 All outcomes
Multiple countries · Low fluoride in water (0.3-0.51 mg/L)
Mean percentage contribution 95
1 study
GRADE not reported

Fluoride-containing dental care products (mainly fluoride toothpaste) vs Dietary fluoride sources in medium-fluoridated areas

Contribution to total daily fluoride intake · children

For children in medium-fluoridated areas, the mean contribution was 51% (SD 24%).

1 finding from 1 review

Fluoride Intake Through Dental Care Products: A Systematic Review. 2022 All outcomes
Multiple countries · Medium fluoride in water (0.52-0.77 mg/L)
Mean percentage contribution 51
14 studies
GRADE not reported

Physical activity vs dietary interventions

IBS symptoms · people with IBS

1 finding from 1 review

Physical activity for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 59 participants
Low

Physical activity vs dietary interventions

Quality of life – 12 weeks · people with IBS

1 finding from 1 review

Physical activity for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 59 participants
Low

Physical activity vs dietary interventions

Quality of life – 24 weeks · people with IBS

1 finding from 1 review

Physical activity for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 59 participants
Low

Physical activity vs dietary interventions

Abdominal pain · people with IBS

2 findings from 1 review

Physical activity for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 59 participants
Low
Physical activity for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 59 participants
Low

Fluoride-containing dental care products (mainly fluoride toothpaste) vs Dietary fluoride sources in poor-fluoridated areas

Contribution to total daily fluoride intake · children

For children in poor-fluoridated areas, the mean contribution was 45% (SD 28%).

1 finding from 1 review

Fluoride Intake Through Dental Care Products: A Systematic Review. 2022 All outcomes
Multiple countries · Poor fluoride in water (<0.3 mg/L)
Mean percentage contribution 45
10 studies
GRADE not reported

Fluoride-containing dental care products (mainly fluoride toothpaste; one study also included fluoride varnish) vs Dietary fluoride sources (drinking water, beverages, food)

Contribution of dental care products to total daily fluoride intake (TDFI) · Humans using fluoride-containing dental care products; 28 included studies, mostly young children, only two studies in adults (aged…

Fluoride-containing dental care products (mainly toothpaste) contributed on average 38% (SD 27%) of total daily fluoride intake, regardless of tap-water fluoride level or age (ungraded; descriptive synthesis, no meta-analysis).

1 finding from 1 review

Fluoride Intake Through Dental Care Products: A Systematic Review. 2022 All outcomes
Habitual daily intake · Multiple countries (28 studies; ~43% conducted in Brazil); community/general-population settings
Mean contribution to TDFI (%) 38
28 studies
GRADE not reported