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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,886 questions in 74 reviews · Skin
current versionsNo studies 542 · 28.7%Ungraded 130 · 6.9%Very low 326 · 17.3%Low 434 · 23%Moderate 348 · 18.5%High 106 · 5.6%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Naftifine 1% cream once or twice daily vs placebo cream once or twice daily Duration of treatment until clinical cure Not assessed · patients with tinea cruris and tinea corporis Topical antifungal treatments for tinea cruris and tinea corporis (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Azoles vs allylamines Mycological cure Negative KOH microscopy and culture. Treatment duration 1‐7 weeks · patients with tinea cruris and tinea corporis Topical antifungal treatments for tinea cruris and tinea corporis (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 638 participants | Very low |
Azoles vs allylamines Clinical cure Resolution of clinical signs and symptoms at least 2 weeks from the start of treatment. Treatment duration 1‐7 weeks · patients with tinea cruris and tinea corporis Topical antifungal treatments for tinea cruris and tinea corporis (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 605 participants | Very low |
Azoles vs allylamines Adverse effects Reported by investigators 'and' or 'or' participants · patients with tinea cruris and tinea corporis Topical antifungal treatments for tinea cruris and tinea corporis (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.7 [0.18, 2.68] | 5 studies · 386 participants | Very low |
Azoles vs allylamines Relapse or recurrence Evidence of clinical and mycological relapse after the end of treatment. Assessed in 3 studies · patients with tinea cruris and tinea corporis Topical antifungal treatments for tinea cruris and tinea corporis (2014) · Cochrane | RR 2.33 [0.21, 26.23] | 3 studies · 105 participants | Very low |
Azoles vs allylamines Participant‐judged cure Not assessed · patients with tinea cruris and tinea corporis Topical antifungal treatments for tinea cruris and tinea corporis (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Azoles vs allylamines Duration of treatment until clinical cure Scale from: 21 to 77 · patients with tinea cruris and tinea corporis Topical antifungal treatments for tinea cruris and tinea corporis (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 7 participants | Very low |
Azoles vs moderate‐potent corticosteroid/azole combinations Mycological cure Negative KOH microscopy and culture. Treatment duration 2‐3 weeks · patients with tinea cruris and tinea corporis Topical antifungal treatments for tinea cruris and tinea corporis (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.93, 1.05] | 6 studies · 625 participants | Low |
Terbinafine 1% cream/gel vs placebo cream/gel Clinical cure Resolution of clinical signs and symptoms. Treatment duration 1‐2 weeks · patients with tinea cruris and tinea corporis Topical antifungal treatments for tinea cruris and tinea corporis (2014) · Cochrane | RR 4.51 [3.1, 6.56] | 5 studies · 273 participants | Low |
Azoles vs moderate‐potent corticosteroid/azole combinations Clinical cure (immediately at end of treatment) Resolution of clinical signs and symptoms at least 2 weeks from the start of treatment · patients with tinea cruris and tinea corporis Topical antifungal treatments for tinea cruris and tinea corporis (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.67 [0.53, 0.84] | 4 studies · 353 participants | Very low |
Azoles vs moderate‐potent corticosteroid/azole combinations Adverse effects Reported by investigators 'and' or 'or' participants · patients with tinea cruris and tinea corporis Topical antifungal treatments for tinea cruris and tinea corporis (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.36 [0.68, 2.69] | 5 studies · 668 participants | Very low |
Azoles vs moderate‐potent corticosteroid/azole combinations Relapse or recurrence Not assessed · patients with tinea cruris and tinea corporis Topical antifungal treatments for tinea cruris and tinea corporis (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Azoles vs moderate‐potent corticosteroid/azole combinations Participant‐judged cure 4‐point symptom score scale · patients with tinea cruris and tinea corporis Topical antifungal treatments for tinea cruris and tinea corporis (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 1 participants | Low |
Azoles vs moderate‐potent corticosteroid/azole combinations Duration of treatment until clinical cure Not assessed · patients with tinea cruris and tinea corporis Topical antifungal treatments for tinea cruris and tinea corporis (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Azoles vs benzylamines Mycological cure Negative KOH microscopy and culture. Treatment duration 2‐4 weeks · patients with tinea cruris and tinea corporis Topical antifungal treatments for tinea cruris and tinea corporis (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.01 [0.94, 1.07] | 3 studies · 219 participants | Low |
Azoles vs benzylamines Clinical cure Resolution of clinical signs and symptoms at least 2 weeks from the start of treatment · patients with tinea cruris and tinea corporis Topical antifungal treatments for tinea cruris and tinea corporis (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 169 participants | Low |
Azoles vs benzylamines Adverse effects Reported by investigators 'and' or 'or' participants · patients with tinea cruris and tinea corporis Topical antifungal treatments for tinea cruris and tinea corporis (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.85 [0.41, 1.76] | 3 studies · 263 participants | Very low |
Azoles vs benzylamines Relapse or recurrence Evidence of clinical or mycological disease after successful treatment · patients with tinea cruris and tinea corporis Topical antifungal treatments for tinea cruris and tinea corporis (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.84 [0.35, 9.6] | 3 studies · 215 participants | Very low |
Azoles vs benzylamines Participant‐judged cure Not assessed · patients with tinea cruris and tinea corporis Topical antifungal treatments for tinea cruris and tinea corporis (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Terbinafine 1% cream/gel vs placebo cream/gel Adverse effects Reported by investigators 'and' or 'or' participants · patients with tinea cruris and tinea corporis Topical antifungal treatments for tinea cruris and tinea corporis (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.43 [0.2, 0.92] | 7 studies · 469 participants | Very low |
Azoles vs benzylamines Duration of treatment until clinical cure Not assessed · patients with tinea cruris and tinea corporis Topical antifungal treatments for tinea cruris and tinea corporis (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Azoles vs placebo Mycological cure Negative KOH microscopy and culture. Treatment duration 2‐4 weeks · patients with tinea cruris and tinea corporis Topical antifungal treatments for tinea cruris and tinea corporis (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 490 participants | Very low |
Azoles vs placebo Clinical cure Resolution of clinical signs and symptoms. Treatment duration 2‐4 weeks · patients with tinea cruris and tinea corporis Topical antifungal treatments for tinea cruris and tinea corporis (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 336 participants | Very low |
Azoles vs placebo Adverse effects Reported by investigators 'and' or 'or' participants · patients with tinea cruris and tinea corporis Topical antifungal treatments for tinea cruris and tinea corporis (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.25 [0.06, 0.99] | 3 studies · 266 participants | Very low |
Azoles vs placebo Relapse or recurrence Not assessed · patients with tinea cruris and tinea corporis Topical antifungal treatments for tinea cruris and tinea corporis (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Azoles vs placebo Participant‐judged cure Not assessed · patients with tinea cruris and tinea corporis Topical antifungal treatments for tinea cruris and tinea corporis (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Azoles vs placebo Duration of treatment until clinical cure Not assessed · patients with tinea cruris and tinea corporis Topical antifungal treatments for tinea cruris and tinea corporis (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Terbinafine 1% cream/gel vs placebo cream/gel Relapse or recurrence Evidence of clinical or mycological infection in previously cured participants · patients with tinea cruris and tinea corporis Topical antifungal treatments for tinea cruris and tinea corporis (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 168 participants | Low |
Terbinafine 1% cream/gel vs placebo cream/gel Participant‐judged cure Judgement of treatment as 'good' or 'very good' · patients with tinea cruris and tinea corporis Topical antifungal treatments for tinea cruris and tinea corporis (2014) · Cochrane | RR 4.46 [3.16, 6.31] | 2 studies · 253 participants | Low |
Terbinafine 1% cream/gel vs placebo cream/gel Duration of treatment until clinical cure Not assessed · patients with tinea cruris and tinea corporis Topical antifungal treatments for tinea cruris and tinea corporis (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Naftifine 1% cream once or twice daily vs placebo cream once or twice daily Mycological cure Negative KOH microscopy and culture. Treatment duration 2‐4 weeks · patients with tinea cruris and tinea corporis Topical antifungal treatments for tinea cruris and tinea corporis (2014) · Cochrane | RR 2.38 [1.8, 3.14] | 3 studies · 187 participants | Low |
Naftifine 1% cream once or twice daily vs placebo cream once or twice daily Clinical cure Resolution of clinical signs and symptoms at least 2 weeks from start of treatment · patients with tinea cruris and tinea corporis Topical antifungal treatments for tinea cruris and tinea corporis (2014) · Cochrane | RR 2.42 [1.41, 4.16] | 1 study · 63 participants | Low |
Naftifine 1% cream once or twice daily vs placebo cream once or twice daily Adverse effects Reported by investigators 'and' or 'or' participants · patients with tinea cruris and tinea corporis Topical antifungal treatments for tinea cruris and tinea corporis (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.44 [0.13, 1.57] | 3 studies · 195 participants | Very low |
Imiquimod 5% cream with tazarotene 0.1% gel vs Imiquimod 5% cream alone Primary outcome: Histological complete response (intention‐to‐treat) No residual LM in staged excision 2 months post‐treatment · participants with melanoma in situ, including lentigo maligna Interventions for melanoma in situ, including lentigo maligna (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.12 [0.81, 1.55] | 1 study · 90 participants | Low |
Imiquimod 5% cream with tazarotene 0.1% gel vs Imiquimod 5% cream alone Primary outcome: Histological complete response ( available‐case analysis) No residual LM in staged excision 2 months post‐treatment · participants with melanoma in situ, including lentigo maligna Interventions for melanoma in situ, including lentigo maligna (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.19 [0.9, 1.57] | 1 study · 78 participants | Low |
Imiquimod 5% cream with tazarotene 0.1% gel vs Imiquimod 5% cream alone Secondary outcome: Discontinuation of treatment because of harms Discontinuation of treatment due to adverse effects · participants with melanoma in situ, including lentigo maligna Interventions for melanoma in situ, including lentigo maligna (2014) · Cochrane | RR 6.27 [0.79, 50.02] | 1 study · 90 participants | Low |
Imiquimod 5% cream with tazarotene 0.1% gel vs Imiquimod 5% cream alone Secondary outcome: Inflammatory response (number of lesions with grade 2 or 3) Grade 2 or 3 Inflammation² · participants with melanoma in situ, including lentigo maligna Interventions for melanoma in situ, including lentigo maligna (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.38 [1.04, 1.84] | 1 study · 88 participants | Low |
Imiquimod 5% cream with tazarotene 0.1% gel vs Imiquimod 5% cream alone Secondary outcome: Inflammatory response (overall Inflammation score) for all participants Mean grade of inflammation in each group² · participants with melanoma in situ, including lentigo maligna Interventions for melanoma in situ, including lentigo maligna (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 88 participants | Low |
CHM vs placebo Total effectiveness rate (Analysis 1.1) Clinician's rating · Participants with atopic eczema Chinese herbal medicine for atopic eczema (2013) · Cochrane | RR 2.09 [1.32, 3.32] | 2 studies · 85 participants | Low |
CHM vs drugs Overall severity score (Analysis 2.4) Clinician's rating. Scale from 0 to 103 · Participants with atopic eczema Chinese herbal medicine for atopic eczema (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 15 studies · 1062 participants | Low |
CHM vs drugs Adverse events (Analysis 2.6) Participant's reports · Participants with atopic eczema Chinese herbal medicine for atopic eczema (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.44 [0.32, 0.61] | 15 studies · 1396 participants | Low |
Combination of oral and topical CHM vs same oral CHM Total effectiveness rate (Analysis 3.1) Clinician's rating · Participants with atopic eczema Chinese herbal medicine for atopic eczema (2013) · Cochrane | RR 1.13 [0.78, 1.63] | 1 study · 20 participants | Low |
Combination of oral and topical CHM vs same oral CHM Overall severity score (Analysis 3.5) Clinician's rating. Scale from 0 to 103 · Participants with atopic eczema Chinese herbal medicine for atopic eczema (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 20 participants | Low |
Combination of oral and topical CHM vs same oral CHM QoL (Analysis 3.6) Participant's rating. Scale from 0 to 30 · Participants with atopic eczema Chinese herbal medicine for atopic eczema (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 20 participants | Low |
Combination of oral and topical CHM vs same oral CHM Adverse events (Analysis 3.7) Participant's report · Participants with atopic eczema Chinese herbal medicine for atopic eczema (2013) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.07, 13.87] | 1 study · 20 participants | Low |
Combination of oral and topical CHM vs same oral CHM Itching VAS (Analysis 3.3) Participant's rating. Scale from 0 to 10 · Participants with atopic eczema Chinese herbal medicine for atopic eczema (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 22 participants | Low |
Combination of oral and topical CHM vs same oral CHM Skin lesion score (Analysis 3.4) Clinician's rating. Scale from 0 to 24 · Participants with atopic eczema Chinese herbal medicine for atopic eczema (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 22 participants | Low |
CHM vs placebo Itching VAS (Analysis 1.2) Participant's rating. Scale from 1 to 10 · Participants with atopic eczema Chinese herbal medicine for atopic eczema (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 94 participants | Low |
CHM vs placebo Overall severity score (Analysis 1.3) Clinician's rating. Scale from 1 to 80 · Participants with atopic eczema Chinese herbal medicine for atopic eczema (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 239 participants | Very low |
CHM vs placebo QoL (Analysis 1.5) Participant's rating. Scale from 0 to 30 · Participants with atopic eczema Chinese herbal medicine for atopic eczema (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 85 participants | Moderate |