Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

1,348 questions · 1,514 findings · 111 reviews · All outcomes

No studies found 287 · 19%GRADE not reported 823 · 54.4%Very low 243 · 16.1%Low 104 · 6.9%Moderate 49 · 3.2%High 8 · 0.5%

Any experimental intervention (surgical or non-surgical) vs None (placebo or no treatment)

Improvement of pre-existing accompanying symptoms other than pain · People of any age and either sex, in any setting, with BRONJ; bisphosphonate exposure past or current; includes people with cancer and…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Fluoride mouthrinse (any fluoride agent, concentration, volume, frequency or technique; swished and expectorated, not swallowed) vs placebo or no treatment

Mucosal irritation / oral soft tissue allergic reaction (signs of sensitivity) · Children and adolescents aged 16 years or less
1 finding from 1 review

Antidepressants (trazodone 200 mg/day) vs placebo

Adverse effects: headache · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms

It is very uncertain whether antidepressants (trazodone 200 mg/day) changes adverse effects: headache compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Perioperative infraorbital nerve block vs Placebo (sham/placebo device)

Need for analgesic prescription for pain (supplemental analgesic requirements) · Children up to 13 years of age, undergoing cleft lip repair surgery

Perioperative infraorbital nerve block may leads to lower need for analgesic prescription for pain (supplemental analgesic… compared with placebo (sham block) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dietary supplements (Catuama herbal compound) vs placebo

Weight gain · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms

It is very uncertain whether dietary supplements (Catuama herbal compound) changes adverse effects: weight gain compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Amitriptyline vs placebo

Relief of burning/discomfort (symptom relief; pain intensity) · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms
1 finding from 1 review

Fluoride mouthrinse (any fluoride agent, concentration, volume, frequency or technique; swished and expectorated, not swallowed) vs placebo or no treatment

Signs of acute toxicity during gel application (nausea, gagging, vomiting) · Children and adolescents aged 16 years or less

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Dietary supplements (lycopene) vs placebo

Relief of burning/discomfort (symptom relief; pain intensity) · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms
1 finding from 1 review
  • Interventions for treating burning mouth syndrome 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes
    short-term (up to 3 months) · lycopene
    Lycopene (Cano-Carrillo 2014) contributes to the dietary supplements short-term symptom-relief comparison (12 RCTs, insufficient/contradictory); no separate lycopene symptom-relief estimate reported.
    1 study · 50 participants
    GRADE not reported

Topical treatments (topical urea 10%) vs placebo

Relief of burning/discomfort (symptom relief; pain intensity) · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms
1 finding from 1 review
  • Interventions for treating burning mouth syndrome 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes
    short-term (up to 3 months) · topical urea 10%
    Topical urea 10% (Alvarenga da Silva 2014) contributes to the topical treatments short-term symptom-relief comparison (insufficient/contradictory); no separate estimate reported.
    1 study · 38 participants
    GRADE not reported

NSAIDs (ketorolac oral rinse; systemic celecoxib) vs placebo or no treatment

Malignant transformation (oral cancer development) · People with a diagnosis of oral leukoplakia
1 finding from 1 review
  • SoF 3 (NSAIDs vs placebo), Cancer development: SoF cell 'Not measured'. Effects text: cancer development was among outcomes in Papadimitrakopoulou 2008 (celecoxib) but did not occur in either arm, probably because of…
    1 study
    GRADE not reported

Bowman-Birk inhibitor vs placebo or no treatment

Malignant transformation (oral cancer development) · People with a diagnosis of oral leukoplakia

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Antidepressants (trazodone 200 mg/day) vs placebo

Adverse effects: urinary incontinence · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms

It is very uncertain whether antidepressants (trazodone 200 mg/day) changes adverse effects: urinary incontinence compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dietary supplements (alpha lipoic acid +/- adjunctive ingredients) vs placebo

Gastrointestinal adverse events · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms

It is very uncertain whether dietary supplements (alpha lipoic acid +/- adjunctive ingredients) changes adverse effects: gastrointestinal complaints compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Preoperative analgesics (analgesics given before dental treatment) vs Placebo or no analgesics

Completion of treatment · Children and adolescents aged up to 17 years having dental treatment (orthodontic treatment, fillings, pulp treatment, or tooth…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Fluoride mouthrinse (any fluoride agent, concentration, volume, frequency or technique; swished and expectorated, not swallowed) vs placebo or no treatment

Unacceptability of treatment (drop-outs / leaving study early) · Children and adolescents aged 16 years or less

It is very uncertain whether fluoride mouthrinse (any fluoride agent, concentration, volume,… changes unacceptability of treatment as measured by leaving study early… compared with placebo or no treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Bethanechol vs placebo

Change in taste · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Preoperative paracetamol (acetaminophen) vs placebo

Postoperative pain (dichotomous measure: parent report of presence of pain-related behaviours) · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic (restorative and extraction treatments)

Preoperative paracetamol (acetaminophen) showed no clear difference in postoperative pain (dichotomous measure: parent report of presence… compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review