Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

2,209 questions · 2,322 findings · 227 reviews · Headline outcomes only

No studies found 644 · 27.7%GRADE not reported 135 · 5.8%Very low 591 · 25.5%Low 582 · 25.1%Moderate 309 · 13.3%High 61 · 2.6%

Summary of findings table ‐ Bladder training vs anticholinergics

Participant‐reported cure or improvement: immediately after treatment · overactive bladder

Summary of findings table ‐ Bladder training may leads to higher participant‐reported cure or improvement: immediately after treatment compared with anticholinergics (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Acupuncture vs sham

Number of minor adverse events · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB)

Acupuncture showed no clear difference in number of minor adverse events compared with sham acupuncture (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Acupuncture vs sham

Presence or absence of urinary urgency · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB)

It is very uncertain whether acupuncture changes presence or absence of urinary urgency compared with sham acupuncture (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Acupuncture vs sham

Episodes of urinary incontinence in a 24‐hour period · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB)

Acupuncture showed no clear difference in episodes of urinary incontinence in a 24‐hour period compared with sham acupuncture (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review