What do systematic reviews say?

Intervention not reported

• Addition of long‐acting beta2 agonists or long‐acting muscarinic antagonists versus doubling the dose of inhaled… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 2239 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

• Addition of long‐acting beta2 agonists or long‐acting muscarinic antagonists versus doubling the dose of inhaled… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  21 studies · 20326 participants
  High

Intervention not reported

• Addition of long‐acting beta2 agonists or long‐acting muscarinic antagonists versus doubling the dose of inhaled… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 2750 participants
  High

Intervention not reported

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Addition of long‐acting beta2 agonists or long‐acting muscarinic antagonists versus doubling the dose of inhaled… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Intervention not reported

• Addition of long‐acting beta2 agonists or long‐acting muscarinic antagonists versus doubling the dose of inhaled… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  10 studies · 15651 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

• Addition of long‐acting beta2 agonists or long‐acting muscarinic antagonists versus doubling the dose of inhaled… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 3319 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Addition of long‐acting beta2 agonists or long‐acting muscarinic antagonists versus doubling the dose of inhaled… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Intervention not reported

• Addition of long‐acting beta2 agonists or long‐acting muscarinic antagonists versus doubling the dose of inhaled… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  25 studies · 25583 participants
  GRADE not reported

Intervention not reported

• Addition of long‐acting beta2 agonists or long‐acting muscarinic antagonists versus doubling the dose of inhaled… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 1685 participants
  Moderate

Summary of findings table ‐ Repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroids vs single course

Summary of findings table ‐ Repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroid showed no clear difference in A1: Fetal or neonatal or infant death (< 1 year of age) – all… compared with single course (moderate certainty).

• Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for improving neonatal health outcomes 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.95 [0.73, 1.24]
  10 studies · 5849 participants
  Moderate

Summary of findings table ‐ Repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroids vs single course

Summary of findings table ‐ Repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroid leads to lower A5: Respiratory distress syndrome – all fetuses randomised compared with single course (high certainty).

• Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for improving neonatal health outcomes 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.82 [0.74, 0.9]
  9 studies · 3540 participants
  High

Summary of findings table ‐ Repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroids vs single course

Summary of findings table ‐ Repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroid probably leads to lower A7: Severe lung disease – all fetuses randomised compared with single course (moderate certainty).

• Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for improving neonatal health outcomes 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.83 [0.72, 0.97]
  6 studies · 4955 participants
  Moderate

Summary of findings table ‐ Repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroids vs single course

Summary of findings table ‐ Repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroid showed no clear difference in A8: Chronic lung disease – all fetuses randomised compared with single course (high certainty).

• Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for improving neonatal health outcomes 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1 [0.83, 1.22]
  9 studies · 5661 participants
  High

Summary of findings table ‐ Repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroids vs single course

Summary of findings table ‐ Repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroid showed no clear difference in A9: Severe intraventricular haemorrhage (grade 3 or 4) – all fetuses… compared with single course (moderate certainty).

• Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for improving neonatal health outcomes 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.13 [0.69, 1.86]
  7 studies · 5066 participants
  Moderate

Summary of findings table ‐ Repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroids vs single course

Summary of findings table ‐ Repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroid showed no clear difference in A11: Necrotising enterocolitis – all fetuses randomised compared with single course (moderate certainty).

• Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for improving neonatal health outcomes 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.84 [0.59, 1.22]
  9 studies · 5736 participants
  Moderate

Summary of findings table ‐ Repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroids vs single course

Summary of findings table ‐ Repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroid probably leads to lower A12: Composite of serious outcomes– all fetuses randomised compared with single course (moderate certainty).

• Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for improving neonatal health outcomes 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.88 [0.8, 0.97]
  9 studies · 5736 participants
  Moderate

Dexamethasone vs betamethasone – maternal outcomes

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm birth 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Dexamethasone vs betamethasone – child outcomes

Dexamethasone showed no clear difference in neurodevelopmental disability at compared with betamethasone – child outcomes (moderate certainty).

• Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm birth 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.02 [0.85, 1.22]
  2 studies · 1151 participants
  Moderate

Dexamethasone vs betamethasone – child outcomes

Dexamethasone showed no clear difference in visual impairment compared with betamethasone – child outcomes (low certainty).

• Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm birth 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.33 [0.01, 8.15]
  1 study · 1227 participants
  Low

Dexamethasone vs betamethasone – child outcomes

Dexamethasone showed no clear difference in hearing impairment compared with betamethasone – child outcomes (moderate certainty).

• Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm birth 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.16 [0.63, 2.16]
  1 study · 1227 participants
  Moderate