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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
271 questions in 11 reviews · Temporomandibular disorders and sleep
current versionsNo studies 70 · 25.8%Ungraded 160 · 59%Very low 29 · 10.7%Low 12 · 4.4%Moderate 0 · 0%High 0 · 0%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Oral appliance or functional orthopaedic appliance vs Placebo or no treatment Signs and symptoms of respiratory disease: mouth breathing, nasal airway resistance (clinical assessment/rhinomanometry/fibroscopy) · Children with obstructive sleep apnoea (aged 15 years or younger) Oral appliances and functional orthopaedic appliances for obstructive sleep apnoea in children (2016) · Cochrane | The included study did not assess this outcome. | 0 studies | No studies |
Oral appliance or functional orthopaedic appliance vs Placebo or no treatment Reduction of upper airway resistance syndrome (UARS) and body-weight/BMI development (polysomnography) · Children with obstructive sleep apnoea (aged 15 years or younger) Oral appliances and functional orthopaedic appliances for obstructive sleep apnoea in children (2016) · Cochrane | The included study did not assess this outcome. | 0 studies | No studies |
Oral appliance or functional orthopaedic appliance vs Placebo or no treatment Daytime symptom: morning headache (Brouillette questionnaire) · Children with obstructive sleep apnoea (aged 15 years or younger) · 6 months Oral appliances and functional orthopaedic appliances for obstructive sleep apnoea in children (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.39 [0.12, 1.23] | 1 study · 23 participants | Very low |
Oral appliance or functional orthopaedic appliance vs Placebo or no treatment Reduction of snoring (polysomnography) · Children with obstructive sleep apnoea (aged 15 years or younger) Oral appliances and functional orthopaedic appliances for obstructive sleep apnoea in children (2016) · Cochrane | The included study did not assess this outcome. | 0 studies | No studies |
Oral appliance or functional orthopaedic appliance vs Placebo or no treatment Quality of life (validated scale) · Children with obstructive sleep apnoea (aged 15 years or younger) Oral appliances and functional orthopaedic appliances for obstructive sleep apnoea in children (2016) · Cochrane | The included study did not assess this outcome. | 0 studies | No studies |
Oral appliance or functional orthopaedic appliance vs Placebo or no treatment Economic evaluation: costs · Children with obstructive sleep apnoea (aged 15 years or younger) Oral appliances and functional orthopaedic appliances for obstructive sleep apnoea in children (2016) · Cochrane | The included study did not assess this outcome. | 0 studies | No studies |
Oral appliance or functional orthopaedic appliance vs Placebo or no treatment Improvement of the overbite and overjet (plaster models) · Children with obstructive sleep apnoea (aged 15 years or younger) Oral appliances and functional orthopaedic appliances for obstructive sleep apnoea in children (2016) · Cochrane | The included study did not assess this outcome. | 0 studies | No studies |
Oral appliance or functional orthopaedic appliance vs Placebo or no treatment Change of mandibular length (cephalometric data) · Children with obstructive sleep apnoea (aged 15 years or younger) Oral appliances and functional orthopaedic appliances for obstructive sleep apnoea in children (2016) · Cochrane | The included study did not assess this outcome. | 0 studies | No studies |
Oral appliance or functional orthopaedic appliance vs Placebo or no treatment Educational outcomes: cognitive function (validated scale) · Children with obstructive sleep apnoea (aged 15 years or younger) Oral appliances and functional orthopaedic appliances for obstructive sleep apnoea in children (2016) · Cochrane | The included study did not assess this outcome. | 0 studies | No studies |
Oral appliance or functional orthopaedic appliance vs Placebo or no treatment Daytime symptom: oral breathing (questionnaire) · Children with obstructive sleep apnoea (aged 15 years or younger) · 6 months Oral appliances and functional orthopaedic appliances for obstructive sleep apnoea in children (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.16 [0.04, 0.59] | 1 study · 23 participants | Very low |
Oral appliance or functional orthopaedic appliance vs Placebo or no treatment Improvement on sagittal relationship between the maxilla and mandible (cephalometric data) · Children with obstructive sleep apnoea (aged 15 years or younger) Oral appliances and functional orthopaedic appliances for obstructive sleep apnoea in children (2016) · Cochrane | The included study did not assess this outcome. | 0 studies | No studies |
Oral appliance or functional orthopaedic appliance vs Placebo or no treatment Nocturnal symptom: restless sleep (questionnaire) · Children with obstructive sleep apnoea (aged 15 years or younger) · 6 months Oral appliances and functional orthopaedic appliances for obstructive sleep apnoea in children (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.21 [0.05, 0.84] | 1 study · 23 participants | Very low |
Oral appliance or functional orthopaedic appliance vs Placebo or no treatment Daytime symptom: nasal stuffiness (questionnaire) · Children with obstructive sleep apnoea (aged 15 years or younger) · 6 months Oral appliances and functional orthopaedic appliances for obstructive sleep apnoea in children (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.18 [0.05, 0.69] | 1 study · 23 participants | Very low |
Oral appliance or functional orthopaedic appliance vs Placebo or no treatment Daytime symptom: school problems (Brouillette questionnaire) · Children with obstructive sleep apnoea (aged 15 years or younger) · 6 months Oral appliances and functional orthopaedic appliances for obstructive sleep apnoea in children (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.64 [0.11, 3.78] | 1 study · 23 participants | Very low |
Oral appliance or functional orthopaedic appliance vs Placebo or no treatment Changes of the width between cuspids and first molars (plaster models) · Children with obstructive sleep apnoea (aged 15 years or younger) Oral appliances and functional orthopaedic appliances for obstructive sleep apnoea in children (2016) · Cochrane | The included study did not assess this outcome. | 0 studies | No studies |
Glucosamine sulfate (oral) vs Ibuprofen (oral) Maximum voluntary jaw opening (mm), change from baseline · Adults (>18 years) with temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ OA) diagnosed by RDC/TMD or compatible criteria · 90 days Interventions for managing temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (2012) · Cochrane | MD 3.08 [-0.97, 7.13] | 1 study · 45 participants | Ungraded |
Intra-articular injection of sodium hyaluronate vs Intra-articular injection of corticosteroids (betamethasone) Complications (adverse effects) · Adults (>18 years) with temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ OA) diagnosed by RDC/TMD or compatible criteria Interventions for managing temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (2012) · Cochrane | RR 1.20 [0.44, 3.30] | 1 study · 40 participants | Ungraded |
Intra-articular injection of sodium hyaluronate vs Intra-articular injection of corticosteroids (betamethasone) Presence of TMJ sounds · Adults (>18 years) with temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ OA) diagnosed by RDC/TMD or compatible criteria · 14 days Interventions for managing temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (2012) · Cochrane | RR 0.59 [0.37, 0.95] | 1 study · 40 participants | Ungraded |
Glucosamine sulfate (oral) vs Ibuprofen (oral) Extraoral masticatory muscle tenderness (number of tender sites), change from baseline · Adults (>18 years) with temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ OA) diagnosed by RDC/TMD or compatible criteria · 90 days Interventions for managing temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (2012) · Cochrane | MD 0.38 [-2.30, 3.06] | 1 study · 45 participants | Ungraded |
Laser therapy Outcome NR · Adults (>18 years) with temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ OA) diagnosed by RDC/TMD or compatible criteria Interventions for managing temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (2012) · Cochrane | The review noted the noticeable absence of evidence for laser therapy; no eligible RCT evaluated it (Discussion). | 0 studies | No studies |
Diclofenac sodium (oral NSAID) vs Occlusal splint therapy Complications (adverse effects) · Adults (>18 years) with temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ OA) diagnosed by RDC/TMD or compatible criteria Interventions for managing temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (2012) · Cochrane | RR 1.07 [0.50, 2.28] | 1 study · 29 participants | Ungraded |
Glucosamine sulfate (oral) vs Ibuprofen (oral) Reported pain (mm on VAS), change from baseline · Adults (>18 years) with temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ OA) diagnosed by RDC/TMD or compatible criteria · 90 days Interventions for managing temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (2012) · Cochrane | MD -4.57 [-9.91, 0.77] | 1 study · 45 participants | Ungraded |
Glucosamine sulfate (oral) vs Ibuprofen (oral) Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) - pain intensity, change from baseline · Adults (>18 years) with temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ OA) diagnosed by RDC/TMD or compatible criteria · 90 days Interventions for managing temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (2012) · Cochrane | MD -2.69 [-7.38, 2.00] | 1 study · 45 participants | Ungraded |
Intra-articular injection of sodium hyaluronate vs Intra-articular injection of corticosteroids (betamethasone) Pain on palpation of the affected/contralateral TMJ and masticatory muscles · Adults (>18 years) with temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ OA) diagnosed by RDC/TMD or compatible criteria · 14 days to 6 months Interventions for managing temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (2012) · Cochrane | Pain on palpation of the affected and contralateral TMJ and masticatory muscles presented similar frequencies regardless of the time (Analyses 1.4-1.12); no statistically significant differences reported. Point… | 1 study · 40 participants | Ungraded |
Intra-articular injection of sodium hyaluronate vs Intra-articular injection of corticosteroids (betamethasone) Extent of mandibular movement (maximum jaw opening, lateral and contralateral movement, jaw protrusion) · Adults (>18 years) with temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ OA) diagnosed by RDC/TMD or compatible criteria · 14 days to 6 months Interventions for managing temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (2012) · Cochrane | None of the mean differences between interventions for the measures of jaw movements (maximum jaw opening, lateral movement to affected side, contralateral movement, jaw protrusion; Analyses 1.16-1.27) showed… | 1 study · 40 participants | Ungraded |
Reassurance / behavioral management (control of contributory factors) Outcome NR · Adults (>18 years) with temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ OA) diagnosed by RDC/TMD or compatible criteria Interventions for managing temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (2012) · Cochrane | The review noted the noticeable absence of evidence for reassurance among interventions for TMJ OA; no eligible RCT evaluated it (Discussion). | 0 studies | No studies |
Glucosamine sulfate (oral) vs Ibuprofen (oral) Pain-free maximum jaw opening (mm), change from baseline · Adults (>18 years) with temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ OA) diagnosed by RDC/TMD or compatible criteria · 90 days Interventions for managing temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (2012) · Cochrane | MD 1.75 [-4.10, 7.60] | 1 study · 45 participants | Ungraded |
Arthrocentesis Outcome NR · Adults (>18 years) with temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ OA) diagnosed by RDC/TMD or compatible criteria Interventions for managing temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (2012) · Cochrane | No study evaluated arthrocentesis for TMJ OA, which should be explored in future trials (Research recommendations Table 1). | 0 studies | No studies |
Iontophoretically applied corticosteroids Outcome NR · Adults (>18 years) with temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ OA) diagnosed by RDC/TMD or compatible criteria Interventions for managing temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (2012) · Cochrane | The review noted the noticeable absence of evidence for iontophoretically applied corticosteroids; no eligible RCT evaluated it (Discussion). | 0 studies | No studies |
Intra-articular injection of sodium hyaluronate vs Intra-articular injection of corticosteroids (betamethasone) Reported pain (mm on VAS) · Adults (>18 years) with temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ OA) diagnosed by RDC/TMD or compatible criteria · 6 months Interventions for managing temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (2012) · Cochrane | MD -17.00 [-32.60, -1.40] | 1 study · 40 participants | Ungraded |
Glucosamine sulfate (oral) vs Ibuprofen (oral) Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) - pain interference, change from baseline · Adults (>18 years) with temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ OA) diagnosed by RDC/TMD or compatible criteria · 90 days Interventions for managing temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (2012) · Cochrane | MD -6.74 [-14.70, 1.22] | 1 study · 45 participants | Ungraded |
Physiotherapy modalities (physiotherapy, short-wave diathermy, ultrasound) Outcome NR · Adults (>18 years) with temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ OA) diagnosed by RDC/TMD or compatible criteria Interventions for managing temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (2012) · Cochrane | The review noted the noticeable absence of evidence for physiotherapy, short-wave diathermy and ultrasound; no eligible RCT evaluated these (Discussion). | 0 studies | No studies |
Diclofenac sodium (oral NSAID) vs Occlusal splint therapy Morphological changes of the TMJs (assessed by CT) · Adults (>18 years) with temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ OA) diagnosed by RDC/TMD or compatible criteria Interventions for managing temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (2012) · Cochrane | The study reports morphological changes assessed by CT for the entire sample without distinction of group, so extraction was not possible. | 1 study | Ungraded |
Diclofenac sodium (oral NSAID) vs Occlusal splint therapy Pain (on movement and on palpation of the affected TMJ) · Adults (>18 years) with temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ OA) diagnosed by RDC/TMD or compatible criteria · 1 week and 3 months Interventions for managing temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (2012) · Cochrane | Data for pain on movement or pain on palpation of the affected TMJ (both at 1 week and 3 months) could not be extracted, as they are described as percentages of an unclear total number. Narratively, diclofenac sodium… | 1 study | Ungraded |
Open TMJ surgery (arthroplasty / total joint replacement) Outcome NR · Adults (>18 years) with temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ OA) diagnosed by RDC/TMD or compatible criteria Interventions for managing temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (2012) · Cochrane | No study evaluated open surgery for TMJ OA, which should be explored in future trials (Research recommendations Table 1; Discussion). | 0 studies | No studies |
Glucosamine sulfate (oral) vs Ibuprofen (oral) Pain during function (proportion without significant improvement) · Adults (>18 years) with temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ OA) diagnosed by RDC/TMD or compatible criteria · 90 days Interventions for managing temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (2012) · Cochrane | Six participants in the glucosamine group did not experience significant improvement in TMJ pain compared with seven in the ibuprofen group (Analysis 3.1); Fisher's exact test P = 0.73 (not significant, per the authors). | 1 study · 45 participants | Ungraded |
Arthroscopy vs Open surgery Tenderness on palpation in jaw muscles (clinical evaluation, 12 months) · Adults (older than 18 years) with a temporomandibular disorder (synovitis, disc displacement with or without… · 12 months Arthroscopy for temporomandibular disorders (2011) · Cochrane | Peto OR 2.00 [0.20, 19.98] | 2 studies · 40 participants | Ungraded |
Arthroscopy vs Open surgery Tenderness on palpation in TMJ (clinical evaluation, 12 months) · Adults (older than 18 years) with a temporomandibular disorder (synovitis, disc displacement with or without… · 12 months Arthroscopy for temporomandibular disorders (2011) · Cochrane | Peto OR 0.65 [0.10, 4.04] | 2 studies · 40 participants | Ungraded |
Arthroscopy vs Open surgery Maximum protrusion over 5 mm (clinical evaluation, 12 months) · Adults (older than 18 years) with a temporomandibular disorder (synovitis, disc displacement with or without… · 12 months Arthroscopy for temporomandibular disorders (2011) · Cochrane | Peto OR 0.12 [0.01, 2.09] | 2 studies · 40 participants | Ungraded |
Arthroscopy vs Open surgery Interincisal opening over 35 mm (clinical evaluation, 12 months) · Adults (older than 18 years) with a temporomandibular disorder (synovitis, disc displacement with or without… · 12 months Arthroscopy for temporomandibular disorders (2011) · Cochrane | Peto OR 1.31 [0.31, 5.60] | 2 studies · 40 participants | Ungraded |
Arthroscopy vs Arthrocentesis Maximum interincisal opening (mm) after 12 months · Adults (older than 18 years) with a temporomandibular disorder (synovitis, disc displacement with or without… · 12 months Arthroscopy for temporomandibular disorders (2011) · Cochrane | MD 5.28 [3.46, 7.10] | 2 studies · 81 participants | Ungraded |
Arthroscopy vs Open surgery Clinical evaluations 12 months after surgery (6 pooled clinical signs) · Adults (older than 18 years) with a temporomandibular disorder (synovitis, disc displacement with or without… · 12 months Arthroscopy for temporomandibular disorders (2011) · Cochrane | Peto OR 1.0 [0.45, 2.21] | 2 studies · 240 participants | Ungraded |
Arthroscopy vs Nonsurgical treatment Pain after 6 months · Adults (older than 18 years) with a temporomandibular disorder (synovitis, disc displacement with or without… · 6 months Arthroscopy for temporomandibular disorders (2011) · Cochrane | SMD 0.004 [-0.46, 0.55] | 2 studies · 62 participants | Ungraded |
Arthroscopy vs Open surgery Pain (VAS/SSI) after 12 months · Adults (older than 18 years) with a temporomandibular disorder (synovitis, disc displacement with or without… · 12 months Arthroscopy for temporomandibular disorders (2011) · Cochrane | SMD 0.45 [0.01, 0.89] | 3 studies · 81 participants | Ungraded |
Arthroscopy vs Arthrocentesis Pain (VAS) after 12 months · Adults (older than 18 years) with a temporomandibular disorder (synovitis, disc displacement with or without… · 12 months Arthroscopy for temporomandibular disorders (2011) · Cochrane | MD 0.10 [-1.46, 1.66] | 2 studies · 81 participants | Ungraded |
Arthroscopy vs Open surgery Crepitation (clinical evaluation, 12 months) · Adults (older than 18 years) with a temporomandibular disorder (synovitis, disc displacement with or without… · 12 months Arthroscopy for temporomandibular disorders (2011) · Cochrane | Peto OR 0.45 [0.08, 2.60] | 2 studies · 40 participants | Ungraded |
Arthroscopy vs Open surgery Click (clinical evaluation, 12 months) · Adults (older than 18 years) with a temporomandibular disorder (synovitis, disc displacement with or without… · 12 months Arthroscopy for temporomandibular disorders (2011) · Cochrane | Peto OR 9.35 [0.85, 102.30] | 2 studies · 40 participants | Ungraded |
Arthroscopy vs Open surgery Mandibular functionality (MFIQ) after 12 months · Adults (older than 18 years) with a temporomandibular disorder (synovitis, disc displacement with or without… · 12 months Arthroscopy for temporomandibular disorders (2011) · Cochrane | MD 1.58 [-0.78, 3.94] | 2 studies · 40 participants | Ungraded |
Oral glucosamine hydrochloride/chondroitin sulphate vs Placebo Pain on TMJ palpation (ordinal scale) · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to… · 3 months Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders (2010) · Cochrane | MD -0.30 [-3.09, 2.49] | 1 study · 45 participants | Ungraded |
Topical capsaicin (0.025% cream) vs Placebo Adverse events (withdrawals due to adverse effects) · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to… · 4 weeks Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders (2010) · Cochrane | Three participants from the topical capsaicin group withdrew from the study by Winocur et al 2000 due to the severity of the burning sensation and redness. | 1 study · 30 participants | Ungraded |