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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
780 questions in 55 reviews · Public Health
current versionsNo studies 162 · 20.8%Ungraded 52 · 6.7%Very low 231 · 29.6%Low 191 · 24.5%Moderate 122 · 15.6%High 22 · 2.8%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Intervention NR Fruit consumption · children aged six months to six years Healthy eating interventions delivered in early childhood education and care settings for improving the diet… (2023) · Cochrane | SMD 0.11 | 11 studies · 2901 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Vegetable consumption · children aged six months to six years Healthy eating interventions delivered in early childhood education and care settings for improving the diet… (2023) · Cochrane | SMD 0.12 | 13 studies · 3335 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Non‐core foods (i.e. less healthy or discretionary) consumption · children aged six months to six years Healthy eating interventions delivered in early childhood education and care settings for improving the diet… (2023) · Cochrane | SMD 0.05 | 7 studies · 1369 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Sugar‐sweetened beverage consumption · children aged six months to six years Healthy eating interventions delivered in early childhood education and care settings for improving the diet… (2023) · Cochrane | SMD 0.1 | 3 studies · 522 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Cost‐effectiveness · children aged six months to six years Healthy eating interventions delivered in early childhood education and care settings for improving the diet… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 101 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Adverse consequences · children aged six months to six years Healthy eating interventions delivered in early childhood education and care settings for improving the diet… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 62 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: unconditional cash transfer vs no unconditional cash transfer: primary outcomes Has used any health service in previous 1 to 12 months · children (0 to 17 years) and adults (≥ 18 years) or households Unconditional cash transfers for reducing poverty and vulnerabilities: effect on use of health services and… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.04 [1, 1.09] | 4972 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: unconditional cash transfer vs no unconditional cash transfer: secondary outcomes Engages in child labour · children (0 to 17 years) and adults (≥ 18 years) or households Unconditional cash transfers for reducing poverty and vulnerabilities: effect on use of health services and… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.9 [0.8, 1.03] | 2448 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: unconditional cash transfer vs no unconditional cash transfer: secondary outcomes Adult works · children (0 to 17 years) and adults (≥ 18 years) or households Unconditional cash transfers for reducing poverty and vulnerabilities: effect on use of health services and… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.95, 1.06] | 1700 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: unconditional cash transfer vs no unconditional cash transfer: secondary outcomes Parenting quality · children (0 to 17 years) and adults (≥ 18 years) or households Unconditional cash transfers for reducing poverty and vulnerabilities: effect on use of health services and… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1118 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: unconditional cash transfer vs no unconditional cash transfer: secondary outcomes Is extremely poor · children (0 to 17 years) and adults (≥ 18 years) or households Unconditional cash transfers for reducing poverty and vulnerabilities: effect on use of health services and… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.9 [0.87, 0.97] | 3805 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: unconditional cash transfer vs no unconditional cash transfer: secondary outcomes Amount of money spent on health care in last month · children (0 to 17 years) and adults (≥ 18 years) or households Unconditional cash transfers for reducing poverty and vulnerabilities: effect on use of health services and… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9231 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: unconditional cash transfers vs conditional cash transfers: primary outcomes Has used any health service in previous 1 to 12 months · children (0 to 17 years) and adults (≥ 18 years) or households Unconditional cash transfers for reducing poverty and vulnerabilities: effect on use of health services and… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2559 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: unconditional cash transfers vs conditional cash transfers: primary outcomes Is moderately stunted · children (0 to 17 years) and adults (≥ 18 years) or households Unconditional cash transfers for reducing poverty and vulnerabilities: effect on use of health services and… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: unconditional cash transfers vs conditional cash transfers: primary outcomes Has died · children (0 to 17 years) and adults (≥ 18 years) or households Unconditional cash transfers for reducing poverty and vulnerabilities: effect on use of health services and… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: unconditional cash transfers vs conditional cash transfers: primary outcomes Has had any illness in previous 2 weeks to 3 months · children (0 to 17 years) and adults (≥ 18 years) or households Unconditional cash transfers for reducing poverty and vulnerabilities: effect on use of health services and… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.11 [0.95, 1.25] | 3896 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: unconditional cash transfers vs conditional cash transfers: primary outcomes Has been food secure · children (0 to 17 years) and adults (≥ 18 years) or households Unconditional cash transfers for reducing poverty and vulnerabilities: effect on use of health services and… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: unconditional cash transfer vs no unconditional cash transfer: primary outcomes Is moderately stunted · children (0 to 17 years) and adults (≥ 18 years) or households Unconditional cash transfers for reducing poverty and vulnerabilities: effect on use of health services and… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.91, 1.14] | 3298 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: unconditional cash transfers vs conditional cash transfers: primary outcomes Level of dietary diversity in previous week · children (0 to 17 years) and adults (≥ 18 years) or households Unconditional cash transfers for reducing poverty and vulnerabilities: effect on use of health services and… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3896 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: unconditional cash transfers vs conditional cash transfers: primary outcomes Level of depression · children (0 to 17 years) and adults (≥ 18 years) or households Unconditional cash transfers for reducing poverty and vulnerabilities: effect on use of health services and… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: unconditional cash transfer vs no unconditional cash transfer: primary outcomes Has died · children (0 to 17 years) and adults (≥ 18 years) or households Unconditional cash transfers for reducing poverty and vulnerabilities: effect on use of health services and… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: unconditional cash transfer vs no unconditional cash transfer: primary outcomes Has had any illness in previous 2 weeks to 3 months · children (0 to 17 years) and adults (≥ 18 years) or households Unconditional cash transfers for reducing poverty and vulnerabilities: effect on use of health services and… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.79 [0.67, 0.92] | 9367 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings: unconditional cash transfer vs no unconditional cash transfer: primary outcomes Has been food secure in previous month · children (0 to 17 years) and adults (≥ 18 years) or households Unconditional cash transfers for reducing poverty and vulnerabilities: effect on use of health services and… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.25 [1.09, 1.45] | 2687 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: unconditional cash transfer vs no unconditional cash transfer: primary outcomes Level of dietary diversity in previous week · children (0 to 17 years) and adults (≥ 18 years) or households Unconditional cash transfers for reducing poverty and vulnerabilities: effect on use of health services and… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9347 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: unconditional cash transfer vs no unconditional cash transfer: primary outcomes Level of depression · children (0 to 17 years) and adults (≥ 18 years) or households Unconditional cash transfers for reducing poverty and vulnerabilities: effect on use of health services and… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9497 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: unconditional cash transfer vs no unconditional cash transfer: secondary outcomes Owned livestock in previous year · children (0 to 17 years) and adults (≥ 18 years) or households Unconditional cash transfers for reducing poverty and vulnerabilities: effect on use of health services and… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7324 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: unconditional cash transfer vs no unconditional cash transfer: secondary outcomes Attends school · children (0 to 17 years) and adults (≥ 18 years) or households Unconditional cash transfers for reducing poverty and vulnerabilities: effect on use of health services and… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1 [1.04, 1.09] | 7136 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Implementation of policies, practices or programmes that promote student health in schools Strategies for enhancing the implementation of school‐based policies or practices targeting diet, physical… (2022) · Cochrane | SMD 1.04 | 22 studies · 897 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Student diet Strategies for enhancing the implementation of school‐based policies or practices targeting diet, physical… (2022) · Cochrane | SMD 0.08 | 11 studies · 16649 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Student physical activity Strategies for enhancing the implementation of school‐based policies or practices targeting diet, physical… (2022) · Cochrane | SMD 0.09 | 9 studies · 16389 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Student obesity Strategies for enhancing the implementation of school‐based policies or practices targeting diet, physical… (2022) · Cochrane | SMD 0.02 | 8 studies · 18618 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Student tobacco use Strategies for enhancing the implementation of school‐based policies or practices targeting diet, physical… (2022) · Cochrane | SMD 0.03 | 3 studies · 3635 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Adverse events Strategies for enhancing the implementation of school‐based policies or practices targeting diet, physical… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 3 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Cost‐effectiveness Strategies for enhancing the implementation of school‐based policies or practices targeting diet, physical… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 4 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Low‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets vs balanced‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets Change in body weight (kg) at 3 to < 12 months · overweight and obese participants without T2DM (weight‐reducing phase only) Low‐carbohydrate versus balanced‐carbohydrate diets for reducing weight and cardiovascular risk (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 37 studies · 3286 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Low‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets vs balanced‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets Weight loss of at least 5% at ≥ 12 months ‐ not measured · overweight and obese participants without T2DM (weight‐reducing phase followed by weight maintenance phase) Low‐carbohydrate versus balanced‐carbohydrate diets for reducing weight and cardiovascular risk (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Low‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets vs balanced‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets Cardiovascular mortality ‐ not measured · overweight and obese participants without T2DM (weight‐reducing phase followed by weight maintenance phase) Low‐carbohydrate versus balanced‐carbohydrate diets for reducing weight and cardiovascular risk (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Low‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets vs balanced‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets Change in DBP (mmHg) at ≥ 12 months · overweight and obese participants without T2DM (weight‐reducing phase followed by weight maintenance phase) Low‐carbohydrate versus balanced‐carbohydrate diets for reducing weight and cardiovascular risk (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 13 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Low‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets vs balanced‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets Change in LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) at ≥ 12 months · overweight and obese participants without T2DM (weight‐reducing phase followed by weight maintenance phase) Low‐carbohydrate versus balanced‐carbohydrate diets for reducing weight and cardiovascular risk (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 56 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Low‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets vs balanced‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets Constipation at 3 to < 12 months ‐ not measured · overweight and obese participants without T2DM (weight‐reducing phase followed by weight maintenance phase) Low‐carbohydrate versus balanced‐carbohydrate diets for reducing weight and cardiovascular risk (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Low‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets vs balanced‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets Change in body weight (kg) at 3 to < 12 months · overweight and obese participants with T2DM (weight‐reducing phase only) Low‐carbohydrate versus balanced‐carbohydrate diets for reducing weight and cardiovascular risk (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 14 studies · 1114 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Low‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets vs balanced‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets Change in body weight (kg) at ≥ 12 months · overweight and obese participants with T2DM (weight‐reducing phase only) Low‐carbohydrate versus balanced‐carbohydrate diets for reducing weight and cardiovascular risk (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 813 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Low‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets vs balanced‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets Weight loss of at least 5% at ≥ 12 months · overweight and obese participants with T2DM (weight‐reducing phase only) Low‐carbohydrate versus balanced‐carbohydrate diets for reducing weight and cardiovascular risk (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.9 [0.68, 1.2] | 2 studies · 106 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Low‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets vs balanced‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets Cardiovascular mortality ‐ not measured · overweight and obese participants with T2DM (weight‐reducing phase only) Low‐carbohydrate versus balanced‐carbohydrate diets for reducing weight and cardiovascular risk (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Low‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets vs balanced‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets Change in DBP (mmHg) at ≥ 12 months · overweight and obese participants with T2DM (weight‐reducing phase only) Low‐carbohydrate versus balanced‐carbohydrate diets for reducing weight and cardiovascular risk (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 631 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Low‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets vs balanced‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets Change in body weight (kg) at ≥ 12 months · overweight and obese participants without T2DM (weight‐reducing phase only) Low‐carbohydrate versus balanced‐carbohydrate diets for reducing weight and cardiovascular risk (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 14 studies · 1805 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Low‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets vs balanced‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets Change in HbA1c (%) at ≥ 12 months · overweight and obese participants with T2DM (weight‐reducing phase only) Low‐carbohydrate versus balanced‐carbohydrate diets for reducing weight and cardiovascular risk (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 668 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Low‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets vs balanced‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets Change in LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) at ≥ 12 months · overweight and obese participants with T2DM (weight‐reducing phase only) Low‐carbohydrate versus balanced‐carbohydrate diets for reducing weight and cardiovascular risk (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 753 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Low‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets vs balanced‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets Constipation at 3 to < 12 months · overweight and obese participants with T2DM (weight‐reducing phase only) Low‐carbohydrate versus balanced‐carbohydrate diets for reducing weight and cardiovascular risk (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.37 [0.86, 2.18] | 2 studies · 177 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Low‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets vs balanced‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets Change in body weight (kg) at 3 to < 12 months · overweight and obese participants with T2DM (weight‐reducing phase followed by weight‐maintenance phase) Low‐carbohydrate versus balanced‐carbohydrate diets for reducing weight and cardiovascular risk (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 61 participants | Low |