Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

95 questions · 111 findings · 12 reviews

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No studies found 42 · 37.8%GRADE not reported 20 · 18%Very low 22 · 19.8%Low 19 · 17.1%Moderate 8 · 7.2%High 0 · 0%

Experimental chewing adjuncts (bite wafers or chewing gum) vs No chewing gum, placebo, or control (no adjunct)

Quality of life or patient satisfaction · Adolescents/teenagers undergoing orthodontic treatment

Experimental chewing adjuncts (bite wafers or chewing gum) led to lower quality of life or patient satisfaction compared with no chewing gum, placebo, or control (no adjunct); GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐pharmacological interventions for alleviating pain during orthodontic treatment 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 hours
RR 0.45 [0.22, 0.94]
2 studies · 107 participants
GRADE not reported

Experimental chewing adjuncts (bite wafers or chewing gum) vs No chewing gum, placebo, or control (no adjunct)

Dose/intensity and frequency of pain relief needed (analgesic/rescue medication use) · Adolescents/teenagers undergoing orthodontic treatment

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐pharmacological interventions for alleviating pain during orthodontic treatment 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 hours to 1 week
Benson 2012 (57 participants): no statistically significant difference in analgesic consumption at 24 hours (P = 0.903) or one week (P = 0.104).
1 study · 57 participants
GRADE not reported

TENS vs placebo or no intervention

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · People undergoing orthodontic treatment (any age; 9 to 34 years in included studies)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐pharmacological interventions for alleviating pain during orthodontic treatment 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

NMDA receptor antagonists vs no treatment, placebo, oral sweet solution, or non‐pharmacological intervention

NFCS pain score during the procedure№ of infants: 112(2 RCTs) Score · procedural pain in neonates

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐opioid analgesics for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Very low

NMDA receptor antagonists vs no treatment, placebo, oral sweet solution, or non‐pharmacological intervention

Pain score assessed up to 10 minutes after the procedure · procedural pain in neonates

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐opioid analgesics for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

NMDA receptor antagonists vs no treatment, placebo, oral sweet solution, or non‐pharmacological intervention

Episodes of bradycardia · procedural pain in neonates

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐opioid analgesics for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

NMDA receptor antagonists vs no treatment, placebo, oral sweet solution, or non‐pharmacological intervention

Episodes of apnea · procedural pain in neonates

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐opioid analgesics for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

NMDA receptor antagonists vs no treatment, placebo, oral sweet solution, or non‐pharmacological intervention

Hypotension requiring medical therapy (vasopressors or fluid boluses), occurring during the procedure · procedural pain in neonates

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐opioid analgesics for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

CBT vs non‐pharmacological intervention

ADHD symptom severity: clinician rated · adults with ADHD (available evidence for participants aged between 25 to 53 years old)

1 finding from 1 review

Cognitive‐behavioural interventions for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 97 participants
Low

CBT vs non‐pharmacological intervention

ADHD symptoms: self‐reported Assessed by: various scales · adults with ADHD (available evidence for participants aged between 25 to 53 years old)

1 finding from 1 review

Cognitive‐behavioural interventions for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 156 participants
Low

Non‐nutritive sucking (NNS) vs no intervention

Pain reactivity (first 30 seconds post‐procedure) · preterm born neonates

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐pharmacological management of infant and young child procedural pain 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
7 studies · 597 participants
Very low

Facilitated tucking vs no intervention

Pain reactivity (first 30 seconds post‐procedure) · preterm born neonates

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐pharmacological management of infant and young child procedural pain 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
12 studies · 733 participants
Very low

Facilitated tucking vs no intervention

Immediate pain regulation (between 30 seconds and 5 minutes post‐procedure) · preterm born neonates

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐pharmacological management of infant and young child procedural pain 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
10 studies · 557 participants
Very low

Facilitated tucking vs no intervention

Adverse events · preterm born neonates

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐pharmacological management of infant and young child procedural pain 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
10 studies · 299 participants
Very low

Structured parent involvement vs no intervention

Pain reactivity (first 30 seconds post‐procedure) · full‐term born older infants

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐pharmacological management of infant and young child procedural pain 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
6 studies · 653 participants
Moderate

Structured parent involvement vs no intervention

Immediate pain regulation (between 30 seconds and 5 minutes post‐procedure) · full‐term born older infants

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐pharmacological management of infant and young child procedural pain 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 728 participants
Low

Structured parent involvement vs no intervention

Adverse events · full‐term born older infants

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐pharmacological management of infant and young child procedural pain 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
6 studies · 854 participants
Low

Non‐nutritive sucking (NNS) vs no intervention

Immediate pain regulation (between 30 seconds and 5 minutes post‐procedure) · preterm born neonates

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐pharmacological management of infant and young child procedural pain 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
6 studies · 379 participants
Very low

Non‐nutritive sucking (NNS) vs no intervention

Adverse events · preterm born neonates

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐pharmacological management of infant and young child procedural pain 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
7 studies · 318 participants
Very low

Non‐nutritive sucking (NNS) vs no intervention

Pain reactivity (first 30 seconds post‐procedure) · full‐term born neonates

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐pharmacological management of infant and young child procedural pain 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
8 studies · 545 participants
Very low