What do systematic reviews say?

Multi‐component intervention vs usual care or attention control

Multiple component interventions probably leads to lower rate of falls (falls per person years) compared with usual care or attention control (moderate certainty).

• Multifactorial and multiple component interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  Rate ratio 0.74 [0.6, 0.91]
  6 studies · 1085 participants
  Moderate

Multi‐component intervention vs usual care or attention control

Multiple component interventions probably leads to lower number of people sustaining one or more falls compared with usual care or attention control (moderate certainty).

• Multifactorial and multiple component interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.82 [0.74, 0.9]
  11 studies · 1980 participants
  Moderate

Multi‐component intervention vs usual care or attention control

Multiple component interventions showed no clear difference in number of people sustaining recurrent falls (defined as two or more… compared with usual care or attention control (low certainty).

• Multifactorial and multiple component interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.81 [0.63, 1.05]
  4 studies · 662 participants
  Low

Multi‐component intervention vs usual care or attention control

It is very uncertain whether multiple component interventions changes number of people sustaining one or more fall‐related fractures compared with usual care or attention control (very low certainty).

• Multifactorial and multiple component interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.5 [0.05, 5.32]
  2 studies · 232 participants
  Very low

Multi‐component intervention vs usual care or attention control

It is very uncertain whether multiple component interventions changes number of people who experience a fall that required hospital… compared with usual care or attention control (very low certainty).

• Multifactorial and multiple component interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 3.06 [0.65, 14.42]
  1 study · 99 participants
  Very low

Multi‐component intervention vs usual care or attention control

Multiple component interventions showed no clear difference in number of people who experience a fall that required medical attention compared with usual care or attention control (low certainty).

• Multifactorial and multiple component interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.95 [0.67, 1.35]
  1 study · 291 participants
  Low

Multi‐component intervention vs usual care or attention control

• Multifactorial and multiple component interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 391 participants
  Low

Multi‐component intervention vs usual care or attention control

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Multifactorial and multiple component interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Multi‐component intervention vs exercise

Multiple component interventions showed no clear difference in rate of falls (falls per person years) compared with exercise (low certainty).

• Multifactorial and multiple component interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  Rate ratio 0.92 [0.77, 1.1]
  1 study · 191 participants
  Low

Multi‐component intervention vs exercise

Multiple component interventions showed no clear difference in number of people sustaining one or more falls compared with exercise (low certainty).

• Multifactorial and multiple component interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.93 [0.78, 1.1]
  3 studies · 863 participants
  Low

Multi‐component intervention vs exercise

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Multifactorial and multiple component interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Multi‐component intervention vs exercise

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Multifactorial and multiple component interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Multi‐component intervention vs exercise

It is very uncertain whether multiple component interventions changes number of people who experience a fall that require hospital admission compared with exercise (very low certainty).

• Multifactorial and multiple component interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.95 [0.52, 7.41]
  1 study · 97 participants
  Very low

Multi‐component intervention vs exercise

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Multifactorial and multiple component interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Multi‐component intervention vs exercise

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Multifactorial and multiple component interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Multi‐component intervention vs exercise

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Multifactorial and multiple component interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation + other intervention (e.g. exercise) vs other intervention alone

It is very uncertain whether neuromuscular electrical stimulation + other intervention (e.g.… changes knee pain (short term) VAS scale: 0 to 10; higher score = worse pain. compared with same other intervention only (very low certainty).

• Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) for patellofemoral pain syndrome 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 118 participants
  Very low

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation + other intervention (e.g. exercise) vs other intervention alone

• Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) for patellofemoral pain syndrome 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 29 participants
  Very low

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation + other intervention (e.g. exercise) vs other intervention alone

It is very uncertain whether neuromuscular electrical stimulation + other intervention (e.g.… changes knee function (short term) compared with same other intervention only (very low certainty).

• Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) for patellofemoral pain syndrome 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  SMD 0.37
  2 studies · 70 participants
  Very low

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation + other intervention (e.g. exercise) vs other intervention alone

• Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) for patellofemoral pain syndrome 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 29 participants
  Very low