Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

534 questions · 539 findings · 63 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth

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No studies found 101 · 18.7%GRADE not reported 63 · 11.7%Very low 93 · 17.3%Low 167 · 31%Moderate 89 · 16.5%High 26 · 4.8%

Fetal biometry vs maternal glycaemic values

Shoulder dystocia · women with gestational diabetes mellitus and their babies

It is very uncertain whether fetal biometry changes shoulder dystocia compared with maternal glycaemic values (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fetal biometry for guiding the medical management of women with gestational diabetes mellitus for improving maternal… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.33 [0.01, 7.98]
1 study · 96 participants
Very low

Fetal biometry vs maternal glycaemic values

Health status and well‐being – neonatal morbidity and mortality combined · women with gestational diabetes mellitus and their babies

It is very uncertain whether fetal biometry changes composite outcome neonatal morbidity or mortality compared with maternal glycaemic values (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fetal biometry for guiding the medical management of women with gestational diabetes mellitus for improving maternal… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1 [0.21, 4.71]
1 study · 96 participants
Very low

Fetal biometry vs maternal glycaemic values

Neonatal hypoglycaemia · women with gestational diabetes mellitus and their babies

Fetal biometry showed no clear difference in neonatal hypoglycaemia compared with maternal glycaemic values (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fetal biometry for guiding the medical management of women with gestational diabetes mellitus for improving maternal… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.9 [0.57, 1.42]
3 studies · 524 participants
Low

Fetal biometry vs maternal glycaemic values

Perinatal mortality · women with gestational diabetes mellitus and their babies

It is very uncertain whether fetal biometry changes perinatal mortality compared with maternal glycaemic values (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fetal biometry for guiding the medical management of women with gestational diabetes mellitus for improving maternal… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.33 [0.01, 7.98]
1 study · 96 participants
Very low

Fetal growth (biometry) + umbilical artery Doppler vs fetal growth

Any perinatal death after randomisation · women with twin pregnancies were randomised from 25 weeks

Fetal growth (biometry) + umbilical artery Doppler showed no clear difference in perinatal mortality (after randomisation) compared with fetal growth (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Regimens of ultrasound surveillance for twin pregnancies for improving outcomes 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.88 [0.32, 2.41]
1 study · 1052 participants
Low

Fetal growth (biometry) + umbilical artery Doppler vs fetal growth

Neonatal mortality · women with twin pregnancies were randomised from 25 weeks

Fetal growth (biometry) + umbilical artery Doppler showed no clear difference in neonatal death compared with fetal growth (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Regimens of ultrasound surveillance for twin pregnancies for improving outcomes 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.01 [0.29, 3.46]
1 study · 1052 participants
Low

Fetal growth (biometry) + umbilical artery Doppler vs fetal growth

Preterm birth less than 28 weeks · women with twin pregnancies were randomised from 25 weeks

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Regimens of ultrasound surveillance for twin pregnancies for improving outcomes 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Fetal growth (biometry) + umbilical artery Doppler vs fetal growth

Gestational age at birth (weeks) · women with twin pregnancies were randomised from 25 weeks

Fetal growth (biometry) + umbilical artery Doppler showed no clear difference in gestational age at birth (weeks) compared with fetal growth (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Regimens of ultrasound surveillance for twin pregnancies for improving outcomes 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
MD 0.1
1 study · 526 participants
Moderate

Fetal growth (biometry) + umbilical artery Doppler vs fetal growth

Caesarean section · women with twin pregnancies were randomised from 25 weeks

Fetal growth (biometry) + umbilical artery Doppler showed no clear difference in caesarean section (any) compared with fetal growth (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Regimens of ultrasound surveillance for twin pregnancies for improving outcomes 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1 [0.81, 1.23]
1 study · 526 participants
High

Fetal growth (biometry) + umbilical artery Doppler vs fetal growth

Induction of labour · women with twin pregnancies were randomised from 25 weeks

Fetal growth (biometry) + umbilical artery Doppler showed no clear difference in induction of labour compared with fetal growth (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Regimens of ultrasound surveillance for twin pregnancies for improving outcomes 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.1 [0.8, 1.5]
1 study · 526 participants
Moderate

Fetal growth (biometry) + umbilical artery Doppler vs fetal growth

Number of antenatal hospital admissions · women with twin pregnancies were randomised from 25 weeks

Fetal growth (biometry) + umbilical artery Doppler showed no clear difference in antenatal admission to hospital compared with fetal growth (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Regimens of ultrasound surveillance for twin pregnancies for improving outcomes 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.96 [0.8, 1.15]
1 study · 526 participants
High

Summary of findings table ‐ Repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroids vs single course

Fetal/neonatal/infant · the fetus/neonate/infant

Summary of findings table ‐ Repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroid showed no clear difference in A1: Fetal or neonatal or infant death (< 1 year of age) – all… compared with single course (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for improving neonatal health outcomes 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.95 [0.73, 1.24]
10 studies · 5849 participants
Moderate

Summary of findings table ‐ Repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroids vs single course

Respiratory distress syndrome · the fetus/neonate/infant

Summary of findings table ‐ Repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroid leads to lower A5: Respiratory distress syndrome – all fetuses randomised compared with single course (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for improving neonatal health outcomes 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.82 [0.74, 0.9]
9 studies · 3540 participants
High

Summary of findings table ‐ Repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroids vs single course

A7: Severe lung disease – all fetuses randomised · the fetus/neonate/infant

Summary of findings table ‐ Repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroid probably leads to lower A7: Severe lung disease – all fetuses randomised compared with single course (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for improving neonatal health outcomes 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.83 [0.72, 0.97]
6 studies · 4955 participants
Moderate

Summary of findings table ‐ Repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroids vs single course

Chronic lung disease · the fetus/neonate/infant

Summary of findings table ‐ Repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroid showed no clear difference in A8: Chronic lung disease – all fetuses randomised compared with single course (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for improving neonatal health outcomes 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1 [0.83, 1.22]
9 studies · 5661 participants
High

Summary of findings table ‐ Repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroids vs single course

Intraventricular haemorrhage, Papile grade 3/4 · the fetus/neonate/infant

Summary of findings table ‐ Repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroid showed no clear difference in A9: Severe intraventricular haemorrhage (grade 3 or 4) – all fetuses… compared with single course (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for improving neonatal health outcomes 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.13 [0.69, 1.86]
7 studies · 5066 participants
Moderate

Summary of findings table ‐ Repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroids vs single course

Necrotising enterocolitis · the fetus/neonate/infant

Summary of findings table ‐ Repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroid showed no clear difference in A11: Necrotising enterocolitis – all fetuses randomised compared with single course (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for improving neonatal health outcomes 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.84 [0.59, 1.22]
9 studies · 5736 participants
Moderate

Summary of findings table ‐ Repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroids vs single course

A12: Composite of serious outcomes– all fetuses randomised · the fetus/neonate/infant

Summary of findings table ‐ Repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroid probably leads to lower A12: Composite of serious outcomes– all fetuses randomised compared with single course (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for improving neonatal health outcomes 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.88 [0.8, 0.97]
9 studies · 5736 participants
Moderate

Amniotic membranes sweeping vs vaginal/intracervical prostaglandins

Uterine hyperstimulation with/without fetal heart rate (FHR) changes ‐ not reported · pregnant women carrying a live fetus at or near term (≥ 36 weeks' gestation).

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Membrane sweeping for induction of labour 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Amniotic membranes sweeping vs intravenous oxytocin/amniotomy

Uterine hyperstimulation with/without fetal heart rate (FHR) changes ‐ not reported · pregnant women carrying a live fetus at or near term (≥ 36 weeks' gestation).

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Membrane sweeping for induction of labour 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found