Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

99 questions · 116 findings · 18 reviews · Gut

No studies found 7 · 6%GRADE not reported 3 · 2.6%Very low 62 · 53.4%Low 25 · 21.6%Moderate 17 · 14.7%High 2 · 1.7%

Prebiotic vs placebo

Withdrawals due to adverse events · people with histologically confirmed diagnosis of ulcerative colitis in remission

It is very uncertain whether prebiotics changes withdrawals due to adverse events (60 days to 6 months) compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Prebiotic vs placebo

Withdrawals due to adverse events · people with mild‐to‐moderate disease (Rachmilewitz index) or active disease (SCCAI score of 4 to 10)

It is very uncertain whether prebiotics changes withdrawals due to adverse events (14 days to 2 or 3 months) compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) vs H2RA, placebo or no treatment

Mortality ‐ within 30 days · people with upper gastrointestinal bleeding prior to endoscopic diagnosis

Proton pump inhibitor treatment showed no clear difference in mortality ‐ within 30 days compared with H2RA, placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) vs H2RA, placebo or no treatment

Rebleeding · people with upper gastrointestinal bleeding prior to endoscopic diagnosis

Proton pump inhibitor treatment showed no clear difference in rebleeding ‐ within 30 days compared with H2RA, placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) vs H2RA, placebo or no treatment

Surgery ‐ within 30 days · people with upper gastrointestinal bleeding prior to endoscopic diagnosis

Proton pump inhibitor treatment showed no clear difference in surgery ‐ within 30 days compared with H2RA, placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Mortality (within 30 days or 'in‐hospital') · adults with any pancreatic diagnosis leading to an indication for elective (classical, pylorus‐preserving, pylorus‐resecting) partial…

The intervention showed no clear difference in mortality (within 30 days or 'in‐hospital') (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Length of postoperative hospital stay (days) · adults with any pancreatic diagnosis leading to an indication for elective (classical, pylorus‐preserving, pylorus‐resecting) partial…

The intervention showed no clear difference in length of postoperative hospital stay (days) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Duct‐to‐mucosa vs invagination pancreaticojejunostomy

Length of hospital stay · adults undergoing open pancreaticoduodenectomy

It is very uncertain whether duct‐to‐mucosa changes length of hospital stay (days) compared with invagination pancreaticojejunostomy (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

More frequent (less than eight hours) vs less frequent (eight hours or greater) monitoring of gastric residual volume

Pneumonia · adults receiving EN via nasogastric or gastrostomy tube

It is very uncertain whether more frequent (less than eight hours) changes pneumonia (until discontinued or up to 28 days) compared with less frequent (eight hours or greater) monitoring of gastric… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

No monitoring vs frequent monitoring (12 hours or less) of gastric residual volume

Pneumonia · adults receiving EN via nasogastric or gastrostomy tube

It is very uncertain whether no monitoring changes pneumonia (until discontinued or up to 28 days) compared with frequent monitoring (12 hours or less) of gastric residual volume (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Higher threshold (500 mL per six hours or greater) vs lower threshold (less than 500 mL per six hours) at time of aspiration

Pneumonia · adults receiving EN via nasogastric or gastrostomy tube

It is very uncertain whether higher threshold (500 mL per six hours or greater) changes pneumonia (until discontinued or up to 28 days) compared with lower threshold (less than 500 mL per six hours) at time of aspiration (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review