Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

49 questions · 49 findings · 8 reviews · Airways

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No studies found 2 · 4.1%GRADE not reported 0 · 0%Very low 1 · 2%Low 12 · 24.5%Moderate 26 · 53.1%High 8 · 16.3%

Triple therapy vs LABA/LAMA combination

Change in baseline trough FEV1 · stable COPD

Triple therapy may leads to higher lung function, change in trough FEV1 (mL) compared with LABA/LAMA combination (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Inhaled corticosteroids with combination inhaled long‐acting beta2‐agonists and long‐acting muscarinic antagonists for… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
MD 38.68 [22.58, 54.77]
4 studies · 11352 participants
Low

Triple therapy vs LABA/LAMA combination

Mortality (all‐cause) · stable COPD

Triple therapy may leads to lower mortality (all‐cause) compared with LABA/LAMA combination (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Inhaled corticosteroids with combination inhaled long‐acting beta2‐agonists and long‐acting muscarinic antagonists for… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.7 [0.54, 0.9]
4 studies · 15397 participants
Low

LABA/LAMA vs placebo

All‐cause mortality (3‐week to 1‐year · Adults with COPD

Once‐daily LABA/LAMA in a combined inhaler showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality (3‐week to 1‐year compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Once daily long‐acting beta2‐agonists and long‐acting muscarinic antagonists in a combined inhaler versus placebo for… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.88 [0.81, 4.36]
18 studies · 8752 participants
Low

LABA/LAMA vs placebo

Serious adverse events (3‐week to 1‐year · Adults with COPD

Once‐daily LABA/LAMA in a combined inhaler showed no clear difference in serious adverse events (3‐week to 1‐year compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Once daily long‐acting beta2‐agonists and long‐acting muscarinic antagonists in a combined inhaler versus placebo for… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.06 [0.88, 1.28]
22 studies · 10536 participants
High

LABA/LAMA vs placebo

COPD exacerbations · Adults with COPD

Once‐daily LABA/LAMA in a combined inhaler probably leads to lower acute exacerbations of COPD (4‐week to 24‐week compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Once daily long‐acting beta2‐agonists and long‐acting muscarinic antagonists in a combined inhaler versus placebo for… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.53 [0.36, 0.78]
3 studies · 1127 participants
Moderate

LABA/LAMA vs placebo

SGRQ Total SGRQ (Total) Score. Scale from: 0 to 100. Lower score indicates better quality of life. · Adults with COPD

1 finding from 1 review

Once daily long‐acting beta2‐agonists and long‐acting muscarinic antagonists in a combined inhaler versus placebo for… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
8 studies · 4952 participants
High

LABA/LAMA vs placebo

FEV1 · Adults with COPD

1 finding from 1 review

Once daily long‐acting beta2‐agonists and long‐acting muscarinic antagonists in a combined inhaler versus placebo for… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
13 studies · 6598 participants
Moderate

LABA/LAMA vs placebo

Difference vs placebo in adjusted peak FEV1 (3‐week to 6‐month · Adults with COPD

1 finding from 1 review

Once daily long‐acting beta2‐agonists and long‐acting muscarinic antagonists in a combined inhaler versus placebo for… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
7 studies · 4188 participants
Moderate

LABA/LAMA vs placebo

Adverse events (3‐week to 1‐year · Adults with COPD

Once‐daily LABA/LAMA in a combined inhaler showed no clear difference in adverse events (3‐week to 1‐year compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Once daily long‐acting beta2‐agonists and long‐acting muscarinic antagonists in a combined inhaler versus placebo for… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.95 [0.86, 1.04]
17 studies · 8235 participants
High