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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

1,106 questions · 1,202 findings · 24 reviews · Oral medicine and oral cancer

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No studies found 145 · 12.1%GRADE not reported 760 · 63.2%Very low 201 · 16.7%Low 66 · 5.5%Moderate 29 · 2.4%High 1 · 0.1%

Dietary supplements (alpha lipoic acid +/- adjunctive ingredients) vs placebo

Adverse effects: headache · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms

It is very uncertain whether dietary supplements (alpha lipoic acid +/- adjunctive ingredients) changes adverse effects: headache compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Low‐level laser therapy vs placebo

Adverse effects · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Physical barriers (tongue protector) vs placebo

Change in QoL - depression (surrogate marker) · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms

It is very uncertain whether physical barriers (tongue protector) changes change in QoL - depression (surrogate marker) compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Gabapentin vs placebo

Change in feeling of dryness · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Dietary supplements (lycopene) vs placebo

Change in QoL - anxiety (surrogate marker) · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms

It is very uncertain whether dietary supplements (lycopene) changes change in QoL - anxiety (surrogate marker) compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Alpha‐lipoic acid vs placebo

Change in taste · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Trazodone vs placebo

Change in feeling of dryness · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Benzodiazepines (systemic clonazepam) vs placebo

Change in taste · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms

It is very uncertain whether benzodiazepines (systemic clonazepam) changes change in taste compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dietary supplements (alpha lipoic acid +/- vitamins) vs placebo

Relief of burning/discomfort (symptom relief; pain intensity) · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms

It is very uncertain whether dietary supplements (alpha lipoic acid +/- vitamins) changes relief of burning/discomfort (symptom relief; pain intensity) compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Anticonvulsants (gabapentin + alpha lipoic acid) vs placebo

Relief of burning/discomfort (symptom relief; pain intensity) · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms
1 finding from 1 review
  • Interventions for treating burning mouth syndrome 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes
    short-term (up to 3 months) · gabapentin with adjunctive ALA
    SoF2 subgroup. Gabapentin + adjunctive ALA vs placebo forms one of two subgroups of the anticonvulsant symptom-relief estimate (RR 4.00, 2.09 to 7.67); no between-subgroup difference vs gabapentin alone; 100…
    1 study · 40 participants
    Very low

Low‐level laser therapy vs placebo

Change in taste · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Antidepressants (trazodone 200 mg/day) vs placebo

QoL · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms
1 finding from 1 review
  • Interventions for treating burning mouth syndrome 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes
    short-term (up to 3 months)
    SoF1. Change in QoL short-term (mean Beck Depression Inventory, 0-63, lower better): this single study narratively reported that both intervention and placebo participants were less depressed at trial completion, but…
    1 study · 37 participants
    Very low

Systemic beta carotene or carotenoids (incl. lycopene) vs placebo or no treatment

Clinical resolution (oral lesion not completely resolved) · People with a diagnosis of oral leukoplakia
1 finding from 1 review
  • Interventions for treating oral leukoplakia to prevent oral cancer 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes
    5 to 12 months
    SoF 2, Clinical resolution (not completely resolved) at 5 to 12 months: 'The 3 studies could not be combined in meta-analysis. 2 found benefit for systemic beta carotene, and 1 did not.' No GRADE rating. Effects text…
    3 studies
    GRADE not reported

Dietary supplements (alpha lipoic acid +/- adjunctive ingredients) vs placebo

Adverse events: worsening of hypertension · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms

It is very uncertain whether dietary supplements (alpha lipoic acid +/- adjunctive ingredients) changes adverse effects: increase in blood pressure compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Non-specific immunotherapy (recombinant interleukin-2 or BCG cell wall preparation) plus standard therapy vs Standard therapy alone (radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy)

Adverse effects · People with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity or oropharynx

Non-specific immunotherapy (recombinant interleukin-2 or BCG cell… showed no clear difference in adverse effects compared with standard therapy alone; GRADE not reported.

9 findings from 1 review
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Tyrosine kinase inhibitor (erlotinib, gefitinib or lapatinib) plus standard therapy (radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy) vs Standard therapy alone (radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy)

Adverse effects · People with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity or oropharynx

Tyrosine kinase inhibitor (erlotinib, gefitinib or lapatinib) plus… led to higher adverse effects compared with standard therapy alone (radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy); GRADE not reported.

9 findings from 1 review
Show 6 more findings

EGFR monoclonal antibody (cetuximab or nimotuzumab) plus standard therapy (radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy) vs Standard therapy alone (radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy)

Adverse effects · People with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity or oropharynx
10 findings from 1 review
Show 7 more findings

Oral cryotherapy (ice chips, ice-cold water, ice cubes or crushed ice held in the mouth during cancer treatment) vs no intervention or control intervention (control)

Oral mucositis (severe) · All patients with cancer who are receiving treatment

Oral cryotherapy (ice chips, ice-cold water, ice cubes or crushed… probably leads to lower oral mucositis (severe) compared with control (no treatment or standard/usual oral care, e.g. saline rinse) (moderate certainty).

3 findings from 1 review

Oral cryotherapy (ice chips, ice-cold water, ice cubes or crushed ice held in the mouth during cancer treatment) vs High-dose leucovorin rinse

Oral mucositis (severe) · Patients with osteosarcoma (bone cancer) receiving high-dose methotrexate, vincristine and leucovorin
1 finding from 1 review

Oral cryotherapy (ice chips, ice-cold water, ice cubes or crushed ice held in the mouth during cancer treatment) vs no intervention or control intervention (control)

Number of days of treatment with opioid analgesics · All patients with cancer who are receiving treatment

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

2 findings from 1 review