What do systematic reviews say?

Triple therapy vs LABA/LAMA combination

Triple therapy leads to higher respiratory HRQoL measured by SGRQ, ≥ 4‐point decrease from baseline… compared with LABA/LAMA combination (high certainty).

• Inhaled corticosteroids with combination inhaled long‐acting beta2‐agonists and long‐acting muscarinic antagonists for… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.35 [1.26, 1.45]
  3 studies · 14070 participants
  High

Triple therapy vs LABA/LAMA combination

Triple therapy probably leads to higher pneumonia (labelled as an SAE) compared with LABA/LAMA combination (moderate certainty).

• Inhaled corticosteroids with combination inhaled long‐acting beta2‐agonists and long‐acting muscarinic antagonists for… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.74 [1.39, 2.18]
  4 studies · 15412 participants
  Moderate

Triple therapy vs LABA/LAMA combination

Triple therapy showed no clear difference in all‐cause SAEs compared with LABA/LAMA combination (low certainty).

• Inhaled corticosteroids with combination inhaled long‐acting beta2‐agonists and long‐acting muscarinic antagonists for… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.95 [0.87, 1.03]
  4 studies · 15412 participants
  Low

Triple therapy vs LABA/LAMA combination

Triple therapy probably leads to higher symptom score TDI, ≥ 1‐unit increase (lower scores indicate worse… compared with LABA/LAMA combination (moderate certainty).

• Inhaled corticosteroids with combination inhaled long‐acting beta2‐agonists and long‐acting muscarinic antagonists for… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.33 [1.13, 1.57]
  1 study · 3044 participants
  Moderate

Triple therapy vs LABA/LAMA combination

Triple therapy may leads to higher lung function, change in trough FEV1 (mL) compared with LABA/LAMA combination (low certainty).

• Inhaled corticosteroids with combination inhaled long‐acting beta2‐agonists and long‐acting muscarinic antagonists for… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  MD 38.68 [22.58, 54.77]
  4 studies · 11352 participants
  Low

Triple therapy vs LABA/LAMA combination

Triple therapy may leads to lower mortality (all‐cause) compared with LABA/LAMA combination (low certainty).

• Inhaled corticosteroids with combination inhaled long‐acting beta2‐agonists and long‐acting muscarinic antagonists for… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.7 [0.54, 0.9]
  4 studies · 15397 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

• Addition of long‐acting beta2 agonists or long‐acting muscarinic antagonists versus doubling the dose of inhaled… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  17 studies · 22819 participants
  GRADE not reported

Intervention not reported

• Addition of long‐acting beta2 agonists or long‐acting muscarinic antagonists versus doubling the dose of inhaled… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

• Addition of long‐acting beta2 agonists or long‐acting muscarinic antagonists versus doubling the dose of inhaled… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 679 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

• Addition of long‐acting beta2 agonists or long‐acting muscarinic antagonists versus doubling the dose of inhaled… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  12 studies · 7569 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

• Addition of long‐acting beta2 agonists or long‐acting muscarinic antagonists versus doubling the dose of inhaled… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 1759 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Addition of long‐acting beta2 agonists or long‐acting muscarinic antagonists versus doubling the dose of inhaled… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Intervention not reported

• Addition of long‐acting beta2 agonists or long‐acting muscarinic antagonists versus doubling the dose of inhaled… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 5681 participants
  GRADE not reported

Intervention not reported

• Addition of long‐acting beta2 agonists or long‐acting muscarinic antagonists versus doubling the dose of inhaled… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 1005 participants
  High

Intervention not reported

• Addition of long‐acting beta2 agonists or long‐acting muscarinic antagonists versus doubling the dose of inhaled… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 774 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

• Addition of long‐acting beta2 agonists or long‐acting muscarinic antagonists versus doubling the dose of inhaled… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 2863 participants
  High

Intervention not reported

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Addition of long‐acting beta2 agonists or long‐acting muscarinic antagonists versus doubling the dose of inhaled… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Intervention not reported

• Addition of long‐acting beta2 agonists or long‐acting muscarinic antagonists versus doubling the dose of inhaled… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 3003 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

• Addition of long‐acting beta2 agonists or long‐acting muscarinic antagonists versus doubling the dose of inhaled… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  6 studies · 4276 participants
  GRADE not reported

Intervention not reported

• Addition of long‐acting beta2 agonists or long‐acting muscarinic antagonists versus doubling the dose of inhaled… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  Very low