What do systematic reviews say?

X‐ray pelvimetry vs no X‐ray pelvimetry

X‐ray pelvimetry may leads to higher caesarean section compared with no X‐ray pelvimetry (low certainty).

• Pelvimetry for fetal cephalic presentations at or near term for deciding on mode of delivery 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.34 [1.19, 1.52]
  5 studies · 1159 participants
  Low

X‐ray pelvimetry vs no X‐ray pelvimetry

It is very uncertain whether X‐ray pelvimetry changes perinatal mortality compared with no X‐ray pelvimetry (very low certainty).

• Pelvimetry for fetal cephalic presentations at or near term for deciding on mode of delivery 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.53 [0.19, 1.45]
  5 studies · 1159 participants
  Very low

X‐ray pelvimetry vs no X‐ray pelvimetry

It is very uncertain whether X‐ray pelvimetry changes wound sepsis compared with no X‐ray pelvimetry (very low certainty).

• Pelvimetry for fetal cephalic presentations at or near term for deciding on mode of delivery 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.83 [0.26, 2.67]
  1 study · 288 participants
  Very low

X‐ray pelvimetry vs no X‐ray pelvimetry

It is very uncertain whether X‐ray pelvimetry changes blood transfusion compared with no X‐ray pelvimetry (very low certainty).

• Pelvimetry for fetal cephalic presentations at or near term for deciding on mode of delivery 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1 [0.39, 2.59]
  1 study · 288 participants
  Very low

X‐ray pelvimetry vs no X‐ray pelvimetry

It is very uncertain whether X‐ray pelvimetry changes scar dehiscence compared with no X‐ray pelvimetry (very low certainty).

• Pelvimetry for fetal cephalic presentations at or near term for deciding on mode of delivery 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.59 [0.14, 2.46]
  2 studies · 390 participants
  Very low

X‐ray pelvimetry vs no X‐ray pelvimetry

It is very uncertain whether X‐ray pelvimetry changes admission to special care baby units compared with no X‐ray pelvimetry (very low certainty).

• Pelvimetry for fetal cephalic presentations at or near term for deciding on mode of delivery 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.2 [0.01, 4.13]
  1 study · 288 participants
  Very low

X‐ray pelvimetry vs no X‐ray pelvimetry

• Pelvimetry for fetal cephalic presentations at or near term for deciding on mode of delivery 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Continuous CTG vs intermittent auscultation

Continuous CTG showed no clear difference in perinatal mortality compared with intermittent auscultation (low certainty).

• Continuous cardiotocography (CTG) as a form of electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) for fetal assessment during labour 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.86 [0.59, 1.24]
  11 studies · 33513 participants
  Low

Continuous CTG vs intermittent auscultation

Continuous CTG probably leads to lower neonatal seizures compared with intermittent auscultation (moderate certainty).

• Continuous cardiotocography (CTG) as a form of electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) for fetal assessment during labour 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.5 [0.31, 0.8]
  9 studies · 32386 participants
  Moderate

Continuous CTG vs intermittent auscultation

Continuous CTG showed no clear difference in cerebral palsy compared with intermittent auscultation (low certainty).

• Continuous cardiotocography (CTG) as a form of electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) for fetal assessment during labour 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.75 [0.84, 3.63]
  2 studies · 13252 participants
  Low

Continuous CTG vs intermittent auscultation

Continuous CTG may leads to higher caesarean section compared with intermittent auscultation (low certainty).

• Continuous cardiotocography (CTG) as a form of electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) for fetal assessment during labour 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.63 [1.29, 2.07]
  11 studies · 18861 participants
  Low

Continuous CTG vs intermittent auscultation

Continuous CTG may leads to higher instrumental vaginal birth compared with intermittent auscultation (low certainty).

• Continuous cardiotocography (CTG) as a form of electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) for fetal assessment during labour 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.15 [1.01, 1.33]
  10 studies · 18615 participants
  Low

Continuous CTG vs intermittent auscultation

It is very uncertain whether continuous CTG changes cord blood acidosis compared with intermittent auscultation (very low certainty).

• Continuous cardiotocography (CTG) as a form of electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) for fetal assessment during labour 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.92 [0.27, 3.11]
  2 studies · 2494 participants
  Very low

Continuous CTG vs intermittent auscultation

Continuous CTG showed no clear difference in any pharmacological analgesia compared with intermittent auscultation (low certainty).

• Continuous cardiotocography (CTG) as a form of electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) for fetal assessment during labour 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.98 [0.88, 1.09]
  3 studies · 1677 participants
  Low

Umbilical artery Doppler ultrasound vs no Doppler ultrasound

Umbilical artery Doppler ultrasound probably leads to lower any perinatal death after randomisation compared with no Doppler ultrasound (moderate certainty).

• Fetal and umbilical Doppler ultrasound in high‐risk pregnancies 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.71 [0.52, 0.98]
  16 studies · 10225 participants
  Moderate

Umbilical artery Doppler ultrasound vs no Doppler ultrasound

• Fetal and umbilical Doppler ultrasound in high‐risk pregnancies 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 1098 participants
  Very low

Umbilical artery Doppler ultrasound vs no Doppler ultrasound

Umbilical artery Doppler ultrasound showed no clear difference in stillbirth compared with no Doppler ultrasound (low certainty).

• Fetal and umbilical Doppler ultrasound in high‐risk pregnancies 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.65 [0.41, 1.04]
  15 studies · 9560 participants
  Low

Umbilical artery Doppler ultrasound vs no Doppler ultrasound

Umbilical artery Doppler ultrasound showed no clear difference in apgar < 7 at 5 minutes compared with no Doppler ultrasound (low certainty).

• Fetal and umbilical Doppler ultrasound in high‐risk pregnancies 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.92 [0.69, 1.24]
  7 studies · 6321 participants
  Low

Umbilical artery Doppler ultrasound vs no Doppler ultrasound

Umbilical artery Doppler ultrasound probably leads to lower caesarean section (elective and emergency) compared with no Doppler ultrasound (moderate certainty).

• Fetal and umbilical Doppler ultrasound in high‐risk pregnancies 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.9 [0.84, 0.97]
  14 studies · 7918 participants
  Moderate

Umbilical artery Doppler ultrasound vs no Doppler ultrasound

Umbilical artery Doppler ultrasound probably leads to lower induction of labour compared with no Doppler ultrasound (moderate certainty).

• Fetal and umbilical Doppler ultrasound in high‐risk pregnancies 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.89 [0.8, 0.99]
  10 studies · 5633 participants
  Moderate