Findings

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

1,106 questions · 1,202 findings · 24 reviews · Oral medicine and oral cancer

No studies found 145 · 12.1%GRADE not reported 760 · 63.2%Very low 201 · 16.7%Low 66 · 5.5%Moderate 29 · 2.4%High 1 · 0.1%

Physical barriers (tongue protector) vs placebo

Change in QoL - anxiety (surrogate marker) · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms

It is very uncertain whether physical barriers (tongue protector) changes change in QoL - anxiety (surrogate marker) compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Cholinergics (bethanechol 15 mg/day) vs placebo

Relief of burning/discomfort (symptom relief; pain intensity) · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms

It is very uncertain whether cholinergics (bethanechol 15 mg/day) changes relief of burning/discomfort (symptom relief; pain intensity) compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Psychological therapies (cognitive therapy) vs placebo

Relief of burning/discomfort (symptom relief; pain intensity) · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms

It is very uncertain whether psychological therapies (cognitive therapy) changes relief of burning/discomfort (symptom relief; pain intensity) compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Gabapentin vs placebo

QoL · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Dietary supplements (Catuama herbal compound) vs placebo

Adverse effects: insomnia · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms

It is very uncertain whether dietary supplements (Catuama herbal compound) changes adverse effects: insomnia compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Topical treatments (capsaicin oral rinse) vs placebo

Relief of burning/discomfort (symptom relief; pain intensity) · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms
2 findings from 1 review
  • Interventions for treating burning mouth syndrome 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes
    short-term (up to 3 months) · capsaicin oral rinse
    Capsaicin oral rinse (Marino 2010; Silvestre 2012) contributes to the topical treatments short-term symptom-relief comparison (insufficient/contradictory). Silvestre 2012 data not presented due to 23% first-phase…
    1 study
    GRADE not reported
  • Interventions for treating burning mouth syndrome 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes
    long-term (>3 to 6 months) · capsaicin oral rinse
    MD -2.60 [-5.11, -0.09]
    1 study · 18 participants
    Very low

Alpha‐lipoic acid vs placebo

Change in feeling of dryness · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Dietary supplements (alpha lipoic acid +/- adjunctive ingredients) vs placebo

Adverse effects: intermittent facial skin rash · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms

It is very uncertain whether dietary supplements (alpha lipoic acid +/- adjunctive ingredients) changes adverse effects: intermittent facial skin rash compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic beta carotene or carotenoids (incl. lycopene) vs placebo or no treatment

Malignant transformation (oral cancer development) · People with a diagnosis of oral leukoplakia

It is very uncertain whether systemic beta carotene or carotenoids (incl. lycopene) changes oral cancer development compared with placebo or no treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Amisulpride (antipsychotic, 50 mg/day) vs placebo

Relief of burning/discomfort (symptom relief; pain intensity) · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms
1 finding from 1 review
  • Interventions for treating burning mouth syndrome 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes
    short-term (up to 3 months)
    Bogetto 1999 (amisulpride) included in the antidepressants/antipsychotics comparison but data not presented due to excessive attrition (19/24; 79%) in the placebo arm.
    1 study
    GRADE not reported

Gabapentin vs placebo

Change in taste · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Herbal extracts (tea components; Chinese herbal mixture; freeze-dried black raspberry gel) vs placebo or no treatment

Malignant transformation (oral cancer development) · People with a diagnosis of oral leukoplakia
1 finding from 1 review
  • SoF 4 (Herbal extracts vs placebo), Cancer development: SoF cell 'Not measured'. Effects text: cancer development was among the outcomes in Tsao 2009 (green tea extract) but it was not possible to analyse the data…
    1 study
    GRADE not reported

Bethanechol vs placebo

Change in feeling of dryness · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Antidepressants (trazodone 200 mg/day) vs placebo

Relief of burning/discomfort (symptom relief; pain intensity) · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms

It is very uncertain whether antidepressants (trazodone 200 mg/day) changes relief of burning/discomfort (symptom relief; pain intensity) compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Physical barriers (tongue protector) vs placebo

Adverse effects (narrative) · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms
1 finding from 1 review
  • Interventions for treating burning mouth syndrome 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes
    short-term (up to 3 months)
    SoF7. Adverse effects: single study narratively reported that no adverse events occurred from the use of tongue protectors; 50 participants (1 RCT); low.
    1 study · 50 participants
    Low

Benzodiazepines (systemic clordemetildiazepam 1 mg/day) vs placebo

Relief of burning/discomfort (symptom relief; pain intensity) · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms
1 finding from 1 review
  • Interventions for treating burning mouth syndrome 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes
    short-term (up to 3 months) · clordemetildiazepam
    Bogetto 1999 (clordemetildiazepam) included in the benzodiazepine comparison but data not presented (79% placebo-arm attrition).
    1 study
    GRADE not reported

Vitamin A or retinoids (systemic or topical; incl. 13-cis-retinoic acid, acitretin) vs placebo or no treatment

Improvement of histological features (not improved) · People with a diagnosis of oral leukoplakia

Vitamin A or retinoids (systemic or topical; incl. 13-cis-retinoic… probably leads to lower improvement of histological features (not improved) compared with placebo or no treatment (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Bethanechol vs placebo

QoL · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Antidepressants (trazodone 200 mg/day) vs placebo

Abdominal pain · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms

It is very uncertain whether antidepressants (trazodone 200 mg/day) changes adverse effects: abdominal pains compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review