Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

510 questions · 513 findings · 62 reviews · Headline outcomes only

No studies found 96 · 18.7%GRADE not reported 13 · 2.5%Very low 181 · 35.3%Low 121 · 23.6%Moderate 69 · 13.5%High 33 · 6.4%

Intervention not reported

Health service utilisation · Various (pregnant women; daily smokers aged 16 and older; university students; children aged 5‐13)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Cost · Various (pregnant women; daily smokers aged 16 and older; university students; children aged 5‐13)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Satisfaction, anxiety and confidence during pregnancy · Various (pregnant women; daily smokers aged 16 and older; university students; children aged 5‐13)
1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Pregnancy outcomes · Various (pregnant women; daily smokers aged 16 and older; university students; children aged 5‐13)
1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Health behaviour outcomes · Various (pregnant women; daily smokers aged 16 and older; university students; children aged 5‐13)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Smoking cessation · Various (pregnant women; daily smokers aged 16 and older; university students; children aged 5‐13)
1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Vitamin C adherence · Various (pregnant women; daily smokers aged 16 and older; university students; children aged 5‐13)
1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Healthy behaviour in children · Various (pregnant women; daily smokers aged 16 and older; university students; children aged 5‐13)
1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Acceptability · Various (pregnant women; daily smokers aged 16 and older; university students; children aged 5‐13)
1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Adverse effects · Various (pregnant women; daily smokers aged 16 and older; university students; children aged 5‐13)
1 finding from 1 review