What do systematic reviews say?

Directed stress management (it is unclear whether these interventions replaced standard treatment or were added to standard treatment) vs usual care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for the management of abdominal pain in Crohn's disease and inflammatory bowel disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Directed stress management (it is unclear whether these interventions replaced standard treatment or were added to standard treatment) vs usual care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for the management of abdominal pain in Crohn's disease and inflammatory bowel disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Directed stress management (it is unclear whether these interventions replaced standard treatment or were added to standard treatment) vs usual care

• Interventions for the management of abdominal pain in Crohn's disease and inflammatory bowel disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 30 participants
  Very low

Directed stress management (it is unclear whether these interventions replaced standard treatment or were added to standard treatment) vs usual care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for the management of abdominal pain in Crohn's disease and inflammatory bowel disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Self‐directed stress management (it is unclear whether these interventions replaced standard treatment or were added to standard treatment) vs usual care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for the management of abdominal pain in Crohn's disease and inflammatory bowel disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Self‐directed stress management (it is unclear whether these interventions replaced standard treatment or were added to standard treatment) vs usual care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for the management of abdominal pain in Crohn's disease and inflammatory bowel disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Self‐directed stress management (it is unclear whether these interventions replaced standard treatment or were added to standard treatment) vs usual care

• Interventions for the management of abdominal pain in Crohn's disease and inflammatory bowel disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 30 participants
  Very low

Self‐directed stress management (it is unclear whether these interventions replaced standard treatment or were added to standard treatment) vs usual care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for the management of abdominal pain in Crohn's disease and inflammatory bowel disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Micro-invasive treatment (proximal sealing or resin infiltration): resin sealant, glass ionomer sealant, polyurethane/adhesive patch, or resin infiltration vs Non-invasive / control treatment

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Micro‐invasive interventions for managing proximal dental decay in primary and permanent teeth 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
  None of the studies reported on participant or operator perception
  0 studies
  No studies found

Micro-invasive treatment (proximal sealing or resin infiltration): resin sealant, glass ionomer sealant, polyurethane/adhesive patch, or resin infiltration vs Non-invasive / control treatment

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Micro‐invasive interventions for managing proximal dental decay in primary and permanent teeth 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
  None of the studies reported on costs for micro-invasive treatment or non-invasive control
  0 studies
  No studies found

Micro-invasive treatment (proximal sealing or resin infiltration): resin sealant, glass ionomer sealant, polyurethane/adhesive patch, or resin infiltration vs Non-invasive / control treatment

Micro-invasive treatment (proximal sealing or resin infiltration):… probably leads to lower caries (lesion) progression measured by pairwise reading of… compared with non-invasive measures (e.g. fluoride varnish, flossing/oral hygiene… (moderate certainty).

• Micro‐invasive interventions for managing proximal dental decay in primary and permanent teeth 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes

  18 to 36 months (radiographic follow-up)
  OR 0.31 [0.18, 0.53]
  4 studies
  Moderate
• Micro‐invasive interventions for managing proximal dental decay in primary and permanent teeth 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes

  12 to 36 months (radiographic follow-up)
  OR 0.24 [0.14, 0.41]
  7 studies · 365 participants
  Moderate
• Micro‐invasive interventions for managing proximal dental decay in primary and permanent teeth 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes

  12 to 18 months (radiographic follow-up)
  OR 0.18 [0.06, 0.50]
  3 studies
  Moderate

Micro-invasive treatment (proximal sealing or resin infiltration): resin sealant, glass ionomer sealant, polyurethane/adhesive patch, or resin infiltration vs Non-invasive / control treatment

• Micro‐invasive interventions for managing proximal dental decay in primary and permanent teeth 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes

  1 to 3 years
  The four studies that measured adverse events reported no adverse events after micro-invasive treatment (no events in either arm)
  4 studies
  GRADE not reported

Micro-invasive treatment (proximal sealing or resin infiltration): resin sealant, glass ionomer sealant, polyurethane/adhesive patch, or resin infiltration vs Non-invasive / control treatment

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Micro‐invasive interventions for managing proximal dental decay in primary and permanent teeth 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
  No studies reported on caries measured as change in decayed, missing and filled (DMF/dmf) figures at surface, tooth or whole mouth level
  0 studies
  No studies found

Micro-invasive treatment (proximal sealing or resin infiltration): resin sealant, glass ionomer sealant, polyurethane/adhesive patch, or resin infiltration vs Non-invasive / control treatment

• Micro‐invasive interventions for managing proximal dental decay in primary and permanent teeth 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes

  3 years
  One study (Alkilzy 2011, sealant patch) reported material deficiency: 10% total and 23% partial loss of proximal sealants after three years; 53% maintained perfect margins and none had open margins. No studies reported…
  1 study
  GRADE not reported

Postbiotics from Lactobacillus spp. (cell-free supernatants, biosurfactants, lipoteichoic acid, bacterial lysates) vs No prior SDF application (untreated dentin control)

Postbiotics inhibit S. mutans adhesion to tooth surfaces in vitro (ungraded narrative synthesis).

• Postbiotics and Dental Caries: A Systematic Review. 2025 All outcomes

  Exposure 24 h to 7 days · Laboratory (in vitro)
  Postbiotics (mainly biosurfactants and lipoteichoic acid) interfered with S. mutans adhesion to tooth/hydroxyapatite surfaces in 5 in vitro studies; no pooled estimate.
  5 studies
  GRADE not reported

Lactobacillus-derived postbiotics vs Not specified

No meta-analysis was conducted; the narrative synthesis reported reduced expression of Streptococcus mutans virulence genes.

• Postbiotics and Dental Caries: A Systematic Review. 2025 All outcomes

  24 h to 7 days · laboratory setting
  no estimate extracted
  7 studies
  GRADE not reported

E-cigarette aerosol / e-liquid exposure (flavored and unflavored; nicotine and non-nicotine) vs Unexposed controls / unflavored e-liquid / conventional cigarette smoke

Most in vitro studies indicate e-cigarette aerosol/e-liquid (especially flavored/high-concentration) disrupts normal oral flora and favors cariogenic S. mutans growth and biofilm, plausibly increasing caries risk; not pooled (ungraded, narrative).

• The effects of electronic smoking on dental caries and proinflammatory markers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2025 All outcomes

  Laboratory (in vitro/ex vivo) studies of oral bacteria and dental hard tissue, plus a few clinical oral-microbiome studies
  Narrative synthesis of 9 studies (Table 2). E-cigarette aerosol/e-liquid at higher concentrations (>=5%) and flavored liquids inhibited commensal oral streptococci and allowed S. mutans to proliferate, with increased…
  9 studies
  GRADE not reported

Grape seed extract (GSE) and its proanthocyanidin fractions vs Untreated or vehicle control (some studies vs positive antimicrobial controls, e.g. chlorhexidine/fluoride)

Grape seed extract inhibits S. mutans adhesion to hydroxyapatite in vitro (2 studies; ungraded).

• Effect of flavonoids from grape seed and cranberry extracts on the microbiological activity of Streptococcus mutans: a… 2024 All outcomes

  in vitro (laboratory)
  GSE inhibited S. mutans adhesion to hydroxyapatite by 81.5% (polymeric PAC, 0.125 mg/mL) vs 25% for dealcoholized wine (Daglia); adhesion decreased at MIC 0.5 mg/mL (Smullen).
  2 studies
  GRADE not reported

N‐acetylcysteine (1200 mg) vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether N‐acetylcysteine (1200 mg) changes frequency of sickle cell‐related complications (acute chest syndrome) compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Antioxidant supplementation for sickle cell disease 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 5 [0.25, 101.48]
  1 study · 96 participants
  Very low

Vitamin C 1400 mg plus vitamin E 800 mg vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether vitamin C 1400 mg plus vitamin E 800 mg changes frequency of sickle cell‐related complications: acute chest syndrome compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Antioxidant supplementation for sickle cell disease 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.66
  1 study · 83 participants
  Very low