Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

567 questions · 573 findings · 37 reviews · Headline outcomes only

No studies found 89 · 15.5%GRADE not reported 156 · 27.2%Very low 140 · 24.4%Low 127 · 22.2%Moderate 47 · 8.2%High 14 · 2.4%

Helium vs carbon dioxide

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · people undergoing laparoscopic general abdominal or gynaecological pelvic surgery under general anaesthesia

Helium showed no clear difference in pain scores (first postoperative day) Visual analogue scale, lower… compared with carbon dioxide (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Room air vs carbon dioxide

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · people undergoing laparoscopic general abdominal or gynaecological pelvic surgery under general anaesthesia

It is very uncertain whether room air changes pain scores (first postoperative day) Visual analogue scale, lower… compared with carbon dioxide (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Nitrous oxide vs carbon dioxide

Participant‐reported pain intensity VAS (0‐10, lower score = less pain) · people undergoing laparoscopic general abdominal or gynaecological pelvic surgery under general anaesthesia

It is very uncertain whether nitrous oxide changes pain scores (first postoperative day) VAS, lower score indicates… compared with carbon dioxide (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Bispectral index vs clinical signs

Occurrence of intraoperative awareness Time points of measure after surgery: 2 to 6 hours;12 hours; 1 day; 2 days; 3 days; 14 days; 30 days; or time point was not reported Measurement tools: simple questioning; interviews; or structured questionna... · adults undergoing surgery with general anaesthesia

Bispectral index may leads to lower occurrence of intraoperative awareness Time points of measure after… compared with clinical signs (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review