Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

583 questions · 638 findings · 60 reviews · Infectious Diseases

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No studies found 54 · 8.5%GRADE not reported 98 · 15.4%Very low 118 · 18.5%Low 141 · 22.1%Moderate 141 · 22.1%High 86 · 13.5%

Vi‐rEPA vaccine (2 doses) vs control

Incidence of typhoid fever – year 1 · adults and children of 2 years of age and older

Vi‐rEPA vaccine (2 doses) probably leads to lower incidence of typhoid fever – year 1 compared with control (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.06 [0.01, 0.25]
1 study · 12008 participants
Moderate

Vi‐rEPA vaccine (2 doses) vs control

Incidence of typhoid fever – year 2 · adults and children of 2 years of age and older

Vi‐rEPA vaccine (2 doses) probably leads to lower incidence of typhoid fever – year 2 compared with control (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.13 [0.04, 0.44]
1 study · 12008 participants
Moderate

Vi‐rEPA vaccine (2 doses) vs control

Cumulative cases of typhoid fever at 2 years · adults and children of 2 years of age and older

Vi‐rEPA vaccine (2 doses) probably leads to lower cumulative cases of typhoid fever at 2 years compared with control (moderate certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.09 [0.04, 0.22]
1 study · 12008 participants
Moderate
Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.11 [0.05, 0.23]
1 study · 12008 participants
Moderate

Vi‐rEPA vaccine (2 doses) vs control

Serious adverse events · adults and children of 2 years of age and older

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 12008 participants
GRADE not reported

Vi‐rEPA vaccine (2 doses) vs control

Fever · adults and children of 2 years of age and older

Vi‐rEPA vaccine (2 doses) probably leads to higher fever after Vi‐rEPA (dose1) compared with control (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.54 [1.69, 3.62]
1 study · 12008 participants
Moderate

Vi‐rEPA vaccine (2 doses) vs control

Fever after Vi‐rEPA (dose2) · adults and children of 2 years of age and older

Vi‐rEPA vaccine (2 doses) probably leads to higher fever after Vi‐rEPA (dose2) compared with control (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 4.39 [2.85, 6.77]
1 study · 11091 participants
Moderate

Vi‐rEPA vaccine (2 doses) vs control

Erythema · adults and children of 2 years of age and older

Vi‐rEPA vaccine (2 doses) showed no clear difference in erythema after Vi‐rEPA (dose 2) compared with control (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.01 [0.19, 22.21]
1 study · 11091 participants
Low

Vi‐rEPA vaccine (2 doses) vs control

Swelling at injection site after Vi‐rEPA (dose 2) · adults and children of 2 years of age and older

Vi‐rEPA vaccine (2 doses) probably leads to higher swelling at injection site after Vi‐rEPA (dose 2) compared with control (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 20.15 [2.71, 150.08]
1 study · 11091 participants
Moderate

Vi‐TT conjugate vaccine (PedaTyph) (2 doses) vs control

Incidence of typhoid fever – year 1 · children aged six months to 12 years of age

It is very uncertain whether vi‐TT conjugate vaccine (PedaTyph) (2 doses) changes incidence of typhoid fever – year 1 compared with control (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.06 [0, 1.01]
1 study · 1625 participants
Very low

Ty21a vaccine (three doses) vs control

Cases of typhoid fever, Year 3 · adults and children aged 5 years of age and older

Ty21a vaccine (three doses) probably leads to lower cases of typhoid fever, Year 3 compared with control (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.44 [0.25, 0.76]
3 studies · 76296 participants
Moderate

Ty21a vaccine (three doses) vs control

Cumulative cases of typhoid fever at 2.5 to 3 years · adults and children aged 5 years of age and older

Ty21a vaccine (three doses) probably leads to lower cumulative cases of typhoid fever at 2.5 to 3 years compared with control (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.5 [0.39, 0.65]
4 studies · 235239 participants
Moderate

Vi polysaccharide vaccine (1 dose) vs control

Incidence of typhoid fever – year 1 Blood culture · adults and children of 2 years of age and older

Vi polysaccharide vaccine (1 dose) leads to lower incidence of typhoid fever – year 1 Blood culture compared with control (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.31 [0.26, 0.37]
3 studies · 99797 participants
High

Vi polysaccharide vaccine (1 dose) vs control

Incidence of typhoid fever – year 2 · adults and children of 2 years of age and older

Vi polysaccharide vaccine (1 dose) probably leads to lower incidence of typhoid fever – year 2 compared with control (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.41 [0.31, 0.55]
4 studies · 194969 participants
Moderate

Vi polysaccharide vaccine (1 dose) vs control

Cases of typhoid fever, Year 3 · adults and children of 2 years of age and older

Vi polysaccharide vaccine (1 dose) may leads to lower incidence of typhoid fever –year 3 compared with control (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.5 [0.32, 0.78]
1 study · 11384 participants
Low

Vi polysaccharide vaccine (1 dose) vs control

Cumulative cases of typhoid fever at 2.5 to 3 years · adults and children of 2 years of age and older

Vi polysaccharide vaccine (1 dose) may leads to lower cumulative cases of typhoid fever at 2.5 to 3 years compared with control (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.45 [0.3, 0.7]
1 study · 11384 participants
Low

Vi polysaccharide vaccine (1 dose) vs control

Serious adverse events · adults and children of 2 years of age and older

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Intervention not reported

Incidence of diarrhoea · children under 5 years of age

1 finding from 1 review

Fly control to prevent diarrhoea in children 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
491 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Malaria cases per month · people of all ages

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes malaria cases per month (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Insecticide space spraying for preventing malaria transmission 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
rate ratio 1 [0.51, 1.92]
1 study · 4 participants
Very low

Isoniazid prophylaxis vs placebo

Active TB · HIV‐positive children not taking ART

Isoniazid prophylaxis may leads to lower active TB compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Isoniazid for preventing tuberculosis in HIV‐infected children 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
HR 0.31 [0.11, 0.87]
1 study · 240 participants
Low

Isoniazid prophylaxis vs placebo

Death · HIV‐positive children not taking ART

Isoniazid prophylaxis may leads to lower death compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Isoniazid for preventing tuberculosis in HIV‐infected children 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
HR 0.46 [0.22, 0.95]
1 study · 240 participants
Low