Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

460 questions · 464 findings · 50 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth

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No studies found 103 · 22.2%GRADE not reported 61 · 13.1%Very low 120 · 25.9%Low 112 · 24.1%Moderate 59 · 12.7%High 9 · 1.9%

Remifentanil (PCA) vs another opioid (IV/IM)

Additional analgesia required (escape analgesia) · women in labour with planned vaginal delivery

Remifentanil (PCA) probably leads to lower additional analgesia required (escape analgesia) compared with another opioid (IV/IM) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Patient‐controlled analgesia with remifentanil versus alternative parenteral methods for pain management in labour 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.57 [0.4, 0.81]
3 studies · 190 participants
Moderate

Remifentanil (PCA, increasing bolus dose) vs remifentanil (PCA, increasing infusion dose)

Reduction in pain intensity · women in labour with planned vaginal delivery

1 finding from 1 review

Patient‐controlled analgesia with remifentanil versus alternative parenteral methods for pain management in labour 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

Remifentanil (PCA, increasing bolus dose) vs remifentanil (PCA, increasing infusion dose)

Additional analgesia required (escape analgesia) · women in labour with planned vaginal delivery

1 finding from 1 review

Patient‐controlled analgesia with remifentanil versus alternative parenteral methods for pain management in labour 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 20 participants
Low

Remifentanil (PCA, increasing bolus dose) vs remifentanil (PCA, increasing infusion dose)

Caesarean section · women in labour with planned vaginal delivery

1 finding from 1 review

Patient‐controlled analgesia with remifentanil versus alternative parenteral methods for pain management in labour 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 20 participants
Low

Remifentanil (PCA, increasing bolus dose) vs remifentanil (PCA, increasing infusion dose)

Maternal apnoea · women in labour with planned vaginal delivery

1 finding from 1 review

Patient‐controlled analgesia with remifentanil versus alternative parenteral methods for pain management in labour 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

Remifentanil (PCA, increasing bolus dose) vs remifentanil (PCA, increasing infusion dose)

Maternal respiratory depression (< 8 breaths/min) · women in labour with planned vaginal delivery

1 finding from 1 review

Patient‐controlled analgesia with remifentanil versus alternative parenteral methods for pain management in labour 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

Remifentanil (PCA, increasing bolus dose) vs remifentanil (PCA, increasing infusion dose)

Apgar score less than 7 at 5 minutes · women in labour with planned vaginal delivery

1 finding from 1 review

Patient‐controlled analgesia with remifentanil versus alternative parenteral methods for pain management in labour 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 20 participants
Low

Remifentanil (PCA) vs another opioid (IV/IM)

Caesarean section · women in labour with planned vaginal delivery

Remifentanil (PCA) showed no clear difference in rate of caesarean delivery compared with another opioid (IV/IM) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Patient‐controlled analgesia with remifentanil versus alternative parenteral methods for pain management in labour 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.63 [0.3, 1.32]
4 studies · 215 participants
Low

Remifentanil (PCA) vs another opioid (IV/IM)

Maternal apnoea · women in labour with planned vaginal delivery

1 finding from 1 review

Patient‐controlled analgesia with remifentanil versus alternative parenteral methods for pain management in labour 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

Remifentanil (PCA) vs another opioid (IV/IM)

Maternal respiratory depression (< 8 breaths/min) · women in labour with planned vaginal delivery

1 finding from 1 review

Patient‐controlled analgesia with remifentanil versus alternative parenteral methods for pain management in labour 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 36 participants
Very low

Remifentanil (PCA) vs another opioid (IV/IM)

Apgar score less than 7 at 5 minutes · women in labour with planned vaginal delivery

1 finding from 1 review

Patient‐controlled analgesia with remifentanil versus alternative parenteral methods for pain management in labour 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 88 participants
Very low

Remifentanil (PCA) vs another opioid (PCA)

Satisfaction with pain relief · women in labour with planned vaginal delivery

1 finding from 1 review

Patient‐controlled analgesia with remifentanil versus alternative parenteral methods for pain management in labour 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 110 participants
Very low

Remifentanil (PCA) vs another opioid (PCA)

Pain intensity VAS (0 to 100; 0 = no pain, 100 = worst pain) · women in labour with planned vaginal delivery

1 finding from 1 review

Patient‐controlled analgesia with remifentanil versus alternative parenteral methods for pain management in labour 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 215 participants
Very low

Bishop score vs transvaginal ultrasound

Vaginal birth · women with singleton cephalic fetuses undergoing assessment for pre‐induction cervical ripening.

Bishop score showed no clear difference in vaginal birth compared with transvaginal ultrasound (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Methods for assessing pre‐induction cervical ripening 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.05 [0.92, 1.2]
2 studies · 234 participants
Moderate

Bishop score vs transvaginal ultrasound

Caesarean section · women with singleton cephalic fetuses undergoing assessment for pre‐induction cervical ripening.

Bishop score showed no clear difference in caesarean delivery compared with transvaginal ultrasound (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Methods for assessing pre‐induction cervical ripening 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.82 [0.5, 1.35]
2 studies · 234 participants
Moderate

Bishop score vs transvaginal ultrasound

Neonatal admission to NICU · women with singleton cephalic fetuses undergoing assessment for pre‐induction cervical ripening.

Bishop score showed no clear difference in neonatal admission to NICU compared with transvaginal ultrasound (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Methods for assessing pre‐induction cervical ripening 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.67 [0.41, 6.83]
2 studies · 234 participants
Moderate

Bishop score vs transvaginal ultrasound

Need of misoprostol for cervical ripening · women with singleton cephalic fetuses undergoing assessment for pre‐induction cervical ripening.

Bishop score probably leads to lower need of misoprostol for cervical ripening compared with transvaginal ultrasound (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Methods for assessing pre‐induction cervical ripening 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.53 [0.42, 0.67]
2 studies · 234 participants
Moderate

Bishop score vs transvaginal ultrasound

Meconium staining of amniotic fluid · women with singleton cephalic fetuses undergoing assessment for pre‐induction cervical ripening.

Bishop score showed no clear difference in meconium staining of amniotic fluid compared with transvaginal ultrasound (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Methods for assessing pre‐induction cervical ripening 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.75 [0.37, 1.51]
2 studies · 234 participants
Moderate

Bishop score vs transvaginal ultrasound

Apgar score less than 7 at 5 minutes · women with singleton cephalic fetuses undergoing assessment for pre‐induction cervical ripening.

Bishop score showed no clear difference in apgar score at 5 minutes less than 7 compared with transvaginal ultrasound (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Methods for assessing pre‐induction cervical ripening 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.62 [0.08, 4.99]
2 studies · 234 participants
Moderate

Bishop score vs transvaginal ultrasound

Fetal heart rate abnormality in labour · women with singleton cephalic fetuses undergoing assessment for pre‐induction cervical ripening.

Bishop score showed no clear difference in fetal heart rate abnormality in labour compared with transvaginal ultrasound; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Methods for assessing pre‐induction cervical ripening 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1 [0.21, 4.8]
1 study · 154 participants
GRADE not reported