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What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

572 questions · 579 findings · 55 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 60 · 10.4%GRADE not reported 42 · 7.3%Very low 205 · 35.4%Low 210 · 36.3%Moderate 52 · 9%High 10 · 1.7%

Intervention not reported

Maternal satisfaction with analgesia (Analgesic effect described as satisfactory (not clear when measured))
1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Maternal pain score or pain measured in labour (Pain intensity 4 or 5 on 5‐point scale (1 hour))
1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Maternal satisfaction with analgesia in labour measured during the postnatal period (Global assessment of pain relief at 24 hours)
1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Maternal pain score or pain measured in labour (Pain intensity at 1 hour (moderate or severe))
1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Maternal satisfaction with analgesia measured during labour (Pain relief (good or very good) at delivery)
1 finding from 1 review

IM pethidine vs placebo

Maternal pain score or pain measured in labour (described as good or fair after 1 hour) · women in labour

IM pethidine may leads to higher maternal pain score or pain measured in labour (described as good or… compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Maternal pain score or pain measured in labour (Pain relief poor (partial, none or worse)) ‐ No add‐on drugs
1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Maternal pain score or pain measured in labour (Pain relief poor (partial, none or worse)) ‐ With promazine
1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Maternal satisfaction with analgesia measured during the postnatal period (numbers dissatisfied)
1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Maternal pain score or pain measured in labour (Pain intensity at 30 minutes: women with severe pain)
1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Maternal pain score or pain measured in labour (VAS at 60 minutes (at peak of contraction))
1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Maternal satisfaction with analgesia measured during labour or during the postnatal period (Pain relief described as poor)
1 finding from 1 review

IM pethidine vs placebo

Maternal pain score or pain measured in labour (reduction in VAS of at least 40 mm after 30 minutes) · women in labour

IM pethidine may leads to higher maternal pain score or pain measured in labour (reduction in VAS of… compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review