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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

4,721 questions · 19,640 findings · 2,039 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 3,754 · 19.1%GRADE not reported 1,273 · 6.5%Very low 4,859 · 24.7%Low 5,568 · 28.4%Moderate 3,240 · 16.5%High 946 · 4.8%

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Intervention not reported

Hand‐washing behavioural changes/changes in knowledge, attitude and practice · adults with AIDS
1 finding from 1 review

Oral alkylating agents ± steroids vs steroids or placebo or both, or no treatment

Death at final · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome

Oral alkylating agents ± steroids showed no clear difference in death at final compared with placebo/no treatment/steroids (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral alkylating agents ± steroids vs steroids or placebo or both, or no treatment

End‐stage renal disease · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome

Oral alkylating agents ± steroids probably leads to lower end‐stage kidney disease at final compared with placebo/no treatment/steroids (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral alkylating agents ± steroids vs steroids or placebo or both, or no treatment

Total remission (complete or partial) at final · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome

Oral alkylating agents ± steroids probably leads to higher total remission (complete or partial) at final compared with placebo/no treatment/steroids (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral alkylating agents ± steroids vs steroids or placebo or both, or no treatment

Complete remission · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome

Oral alkylating agents ± steroids probably leads to higher complete remission at final compared with placebo/no treatment/steroids (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral alkylating agents ± steroids vs steroids or placebo or both, or no treatment

Relapse · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome

It is very uncertain whether oral alkylating agents ± steroids changes recurrence of disease (relapse) at final compared with placebo/no treatment/steroids (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral alkylating agents ± steroids vs steroids or placebo or both, or no treatment

100% increase in SCr at final · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome

Oral alkylating agents ± steroids showed no clear difference in 100% increase in serum creatinine at final compared with placebo/no treatment/steroids (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral alkylating agents ± steroids vs steroids or placebo or both, or no treatment

Adverse events ‐ temporary or permanent discontinuation/hospitalisation at final · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome

Oral alkylating agents ± steroids may leads to higher adverse events ‐ temporary/permanent discontinuation or… compared with placebo/no treatment/steroids (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral alkylating agents ± steroids vs steroids or placebo or both, or no treatment

Adverse events ‐ infection at 3 years · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome

It is very uncertain whether oral alkylating agents ± steroids changes adverse events ‐ infection at 3 years compared with placebo/no treatment/steroids (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral alkylating agents ± steroids vs steroids or placebo or both, or no treatment

Adverse events: malignancy · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome

It is very uncertain whether oral alkylating agents ± steroids changes adverse events ‐ malignancy at final compared with placebo/no treatment/steroids (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids vs placebo/no treatment/supportive treatment/steroids

Death at final · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome

It is very uncertain whether calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids changes death at final compared with placebo/no treatment/supportive treatment/steroids (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids vs placebo/no treatment/supportive treatment/steroids

End‐stage renal disease · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome

It is very uncertain whether calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids changes end‐stage kidney disease at final compared with placebo/no treatment/supportive treatment/steroids (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids vs placebo/no treatment/supportive treatment/steroids

Total remission (complete or partial) at final · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome

Calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids showed no clear difference in total remission at final compared with placebo/no treatment/supportive treatment/steroids (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids vs placebo/no treatment/supportive treatment/steroids

Complete remission · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome

Calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids showed no clear difference in complete remission at final compared with placebo/no treatment/supportive treatment/steroids (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids vs placebo/no treatment/supportive treatment/steroids

Relapse · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome

It is very uncertain whether calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids changes recurrence of disease (relapse) at final compared with placebo/no treatment/supportive treatment/steroids (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids vs placebo/no treatment/supportive treatment/steroids

100% increase in SCr at final · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome

It is very uncertain whether calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids changes 100% increase in SCr at final compared with placebo/no treatment/supportive treatment/steroids (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids vs placebo/no treatment/supportive treatment/steroids

Adverse events ‐ temporary or permanent discontinuation/hospitalisation at final · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome

It is very uncertain whether calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids changes adverse events ‐ temporary or permanent… compared with placebo/no treatment/supportive treatment/steroids (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids vs placebo/no treatment/supportive treatment/steroids

Adverse events ‐ infection at 36 months · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome

It is very uncertain whether calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids changes adverse events ‐ infection at 36 months compared with placebo/no treatment/supportive treatment/steroids (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids vs placebo/no treatment/supportive treatment/steroids

Adverse events ‐ malignancy at 36 months · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome

It is very uncertain whether calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids changes adverse events ‐ malignancy at 36 months compared with placebo/no treatment/supportive treatment/steroids (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids vs alkylating agents ± steroids

Death at final · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome

It is very uncertain whether calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids changes death at final compared with alkylating agents ± steroids (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review