What do systematic reviews say?

N95 respirators vs medical/surgical masks

N95 respirators showed no clear difference in viral respiratory illness ‐ laboratory‐confirmed influenza compared with medical/surgical masks (moderate certainty).

• Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.1 [0.9, 1.34]
  5 studies · 8407 participants
  Moderate

N95 respirators vs medical/surgical masks

• Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  5 studies · 5 participants
  Very low

Hand hygiene vs control

Hand hygiene probably leads to lower acute respiratory illness compared with control (moderate certainty).

• Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.86 [0.81, 0.9]
  9 studies · 52105 participants
  Moderate

Hand hygiene vs control

Hand hygiene showed no clear difference in influenza‐like illness compared with control (low certainty).

• Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.94 [0.81, 1.09]
  11 studies · 34503 participants
  Low

Summary of findings table ‐ Simple educational intervention vs usual care

• Interventions for preventing and reducing the use of physical restraints for older people in all long‐term care settings 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 241 participants
  Moderate

Summary of findings table ‐ Simple educational intervention vs usual care

• Interventions for preventing and reducing the use of physical restraints for older people in all long‐term care settings 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 813 participants
  Low

Summary of findings table ‐ Simple educational intervention vs usual care

• Interventions for preventing and reducing the use of physical restraints for older people in all long‐term care settings 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 463 participants
  Low

Summary of findings table ‐ Simple educational intervention vs usual care

• Interventions for preventing and reducing the use of physical restraints for older people in all long‐term care settings 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  5 studies · 1202 participants
  Very low

Summary of findings table ‐ Providing information about the residents? fall risk vs usual care

• Interventions for preventing and reducing the use of physical restraints for older people in all long‐term care settings 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 98 participants
  Low

Summary of findings table ‐ Providing information about the residents? fall risk vs usual care

• Interventions for preventing and reducing the use of physical restraints for older people in all long‐term care settings 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 98 participants
  Low

Summary of findings table ‐ Providing information about the residents? fall risk vs usual care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for preventing and reducing the use of physical restraints for older people in all long‐term care settings 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Summary of findings table ‐ Providing information about the residents? fall risk vs usual care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for preventing and reducing the use of physical restraints for older people in all long‐term care settings 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Organisational interventions vs usual care

Summary of findings table ‐ Organisational intervention probably leads to lower residents with at least one belt compared with usual care (moderate certainty).

• Interventions for preventing and reducing the use of physical restraints for older people in all long‐term care settings 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.54 [0.4, 0.73]
  3 studies · 12711 participants
  Moderate

Organisational interventions vs usual care

Summary of findings table ‐ Organisational intervention showed no clear difference in residents with at least one fall compared with usual care (low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing and reducing the use of physical restraints for older people in all long‐term care settings 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.02 [0.86, 1.2]
  4 studies · 17954 participants
  Low

Organisational interventions vs usual care

Summary of findings table ‐ Organisational intervention showed no clear difference in residents with at least one fall‐related fracture compared with usual care (low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing and reducing the use of physical restraints for older people in all long‐term care settings 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.05 [0.76, 1.45]
  4 studies · 17954 participants
  Low

Organisational interventions vs usual care

Summary of findings table ‐ Organisational intervention showed no clear difference in residents with at least one psychotropic medication compared with usual care (moderate certainty).

• Interventions for preventing and reducing the use of physical restraints for older people in all long‐term care settings 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1 [0.95, 1.06]
  2 studies · 3452 participants
  Moderate

Summary of findings table ‐ Simple educational intervention vs usual care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for preventing and reducing the use of physical restraints for older people in all long‐term care settings 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Summary of findings table ‐ Pressure sensors in bed and chair vs usual care

Summary of findings table ‐ Pressure sensors in bed and chair showed no clear difference in falls compared with usual care (low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing and reducing the use of physical restraints of older people in general hospital settings 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.33 [0.31, 5.79]
  1 study · 180 participants
  Low

Summary of findings table ‐ Pressure sensors in bed and chair vs usual care

• Interventions for preventing and reducing the use of physical restraints of older people in general hospital settings 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Summary of findings table ‐ Pressure sensors in bed and chair vs usual care

• Interventions for preventing and reducing the use of physical restraints of older people in general hospital settings 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 180 participants
  Moderate