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What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

1,257 questions · 1,337 findings · 183 reviews

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No studies found 175 · 13.1%GRADE not reported 212 · 15.9%Very low 286 · 21.4%Low 341 · 25.5%Moderate 254 · 19%High 69 · 5.2%

Intervention not reported

Objective visual memory measures ‐ intermediate BVMT‐R, SPART, CMT, ROCF · people with multiple sclerosis
1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Objective working memory measures ‐ intermediate PASAT, WAIS · people with multiple sclerosis
1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Quality of life ‐ intermediateMSIS, MSQOL, SF‐36, SF‐12, SWLS, EQ‐5D‐5La · people with multiple sclerosis
1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Acitivities of daily living ‐ intermediateEADLa · people with multiple sclerosis
1 finding from 1 review

Siponimod vs placebo

Relapse · people with multiple sclerosis

It is very uncertain whether siponimod changes number of participants with relapses at 6 months compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Siponimod vs placebo

Disability worsening · people with multiple sclerosis

Siponimod may leads to lower participants with disability worsening at 6 months compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Siponimod vs placebo

Withdrawals due to adverse events · people with multiple sclerosis

Siponimod showed no clear difference in number of participants who withdrew due to AEs at 6 months compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Siponimod vs placebo

Annualised relapse rate · people with multiple sclerosis

Siponimod may leads to lower annualised relapse rate compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Siponimod vs placebo

Mean number of gadolinium‐enhancing lesions on T1‐weighted brain MRI image at 6 months · people with multiple sclerosis

It is very uncertain whether siponimod changes mean number of gadolinium‐enhancing lesions on T1‐weighted brain MRI… compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Siponimod vs placebo

Mean number of new lesions or enlarged pre‐existing lesions on T2‐weighted brain MRI images at 6 months · people with multiple sclerosis

Siponimod may leads to lower mean number of new lesions or enlarged pre‐existing lesions on… compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Siponimod vs placebo

SAEs · people with multiple sclerosis

Siponimod showed no clear difference in number of participants with at least one SAE at 6 months compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Rituximab vs placebo

Common infections measured by clinical assessment over 28 months · primary progressive multiple sclerosis

Rituximab as 'first choice' showed no clear difference in common infections measured by clinical assessment over 28 months compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Rituximab vs placebo

Cancer · primary progressive multiple sclerosis

Rituximab as 'first choice' showed no clear difference in cancer measured by clinical assessment over 28 months compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Rituximab vs placebo

Mortality measured by clinical assessment over 12 months · primary progressive multiple sclerosis

Rituximab as 'first choice' showed no clear difference in mortality measured by clinical assessment over 28 months compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Rituximab vs placebo

Clinical relapse · relapsing multiple sclerosis

Rituximab as 'switching' may leads to lower relapse measured by clinical assessment over 12 months compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Rituximab vs placebo

Serious adverse events measured by clinical assessment over 12 months · relapsing multiple sclerosis

It is very uncertain whether rituximab as 'switching' changes serious adverse events measured by clinical assessment over 12 months compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review